Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is among the main causes of cognitive impairment, memory loss, and dementia, particularly in old adults. It has been listed as one of the most expensive, lethal, and burdening diseases of the 21st century and develops with the process of aging worldwide (Scheltens et al., 2021). Currently, it is widely acknowledged that the typical pathogenesis of AD involves the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) and Tau proteins in the cerebral parenchyma and vasculature, intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, and the gradual degeneration of synapses (Scheltens et al., 2016; Rostagno, 2022). According to several hypotheses, abnormalities and dysfunctions in vascular structure, mitochondrial metabolism, oxidative stress, glucose utilization, and neuroinflammation are considered fundamental for AD pathology (Scheltens et al., 2016).

具有双相障碍样特征的散发性阿尔茨海默病：病例报告及当前研究现状简述

[1]AndersonIM,HaddadPM,ScottJ,2012.Bipolar disorder.BMJ,345:e8508.

[2]BabulalGM,RoeCM,StoutSH,et al.,2020.Depression is associated with Tau and not amyloid positron emission tomography in cognitively normal adults.J Alzheimers Dis,74(4):1045-1055.

[3]BallardC,Margallo-LanaM,JuszczakE,et al.,2005.Quetiapine and rivastigmine and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial.BMJ,330(7496):874.

[4]BauerM,GlennT,PilhatschM,et al.,2014.Gender differences in thyroid system function: relevance to bipolar disorder and its treatment.Bipolar Disord,16(1):58-71.

[5]BergerT,LeeH,YoungAH,et al.,2020.Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in major depressive disorder and Alzheimer’s disease.Trends Mol Med,26(9):803-818.

[6]BoldriniM,HenR,UnderwoodMD,et al.,2012.Hippocampal angiogenesis and progenitor cell proliferation are increased with antidepressant use in major depression.Biol Psychiatry,72(7):562-571.

[7]BottoR,CallaiN,CermelliA,et al.,2022.Anxiety and depression in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review of pathogenetic mechanisms and relation to cognitive decline.Neurol Sci,43(7):4107-4124.

[8]BowdenCL,2005.Atypical antipsychotic augmentation of mood stabilizer therapy in bipolar disorder.J Clin Psychiatry,66(Suppl 3):12-19.

[9]CarloniS,RescignoM,2023.The gut-brain vascular axis in neuroinflammation.Semin Immunol,69:101802.

[10]ChengC,ZandiP,StuartE,et al.,2017.Association between lithium use and risk of Alzheimer’s disease.J Clin Psychiatry,78(2):e139-e145.

[11]ChoiSH,TanziRE,2019.Is Alzheimer’s disease a neurogenesis disorder?Cell Stem Cell,25(1):7-8.

[12]da SilvaJ,Gonçalves-PereiraM,XavierM,et al.,2013.Affective disorders and risk of developing dementia: systematic review.Br J Psychiatry,202(3):177-186.

[13]DetureMA,DicksonDW,2019.The neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease.Mol Neurodegener,14:32.

[14]DevanandDP,CroccoE,ForesterBP,et al.,2022.Low dose lithium treatment of behavioral complications in Alzheimer’s disease: Lit-AD randomized clinical trial.Am J Geriatr Psychiatry,30(1):32-42.

[15]EicherTP,MohajeriMH,2022.Overlapping mechanisms of action of brain-active bacteria and bacterial metabolites in the pathogenesis of common brain diseases.Nutrients,14(13):2661.

[16]ElefanteC,BrancatiGE,TorrigianiS,et al.,2023.Bipolar disorder and manic-like symptoms in Alzheimer’s, vascular and frontotemporal dementia: a systematic review.Curr Neuropharmacol,21(12):2516-2542.

[17]FerreiraD,NordbergA,WestmanE,2020.Biological subtypes of Alzheimer disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurology,94(10):436-448.

[18]FörstlH,KurzA,1999.Clinical features of Alzheimer’s disease.Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci,249(6):288-290.

[19]GenerosoJS,GiridharanVV,LeeJ,et al.,2021.The role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric disorders.Braz J Psychiatry,43(3):293-305.

[20]GoldmanJS,van DeerlinVM,2018.Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia: the current state of genetics and genetic testing since the advent of next-generation sequencing.Mol Diagn Ther,22(5):505-513.

[21]HamstraSI,RoyBD,TiidusP,et al.,2023.Beyond its psychiatric use: the benefits of low-dose lithium supplementation.Curr Neuropharmacol,21(4):891-910.

[22]HarringtonKD,LimYY,GouldE,et al.,2015.Amyloid-beta and depression in healthy older adults: a systematic review.Aust N Z J Psychiatry,49(1):36-46.

[23]HuangYS,CouplandNJ,LebelRM,et al.,2013.Structural changes in hippocampal subfields in major depressive disorder: a high-field magnetic resonance imaging study.Biol Psychiatry,74(1):62-68.

[24]HuangYY,GanYH,YangL,et al.,2024.Depression in Alzheimer’s disease: epidemiology, mechanisms, and treatment.Biol Psychiatry,95(11):992-1005.

[25]JinKL,PeelAL,MaoXO,et al.,2004.Increased hippocampal neurogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,101(1):343-347.

[26]KhouryR,GrossbergGT,2019.Impact of antidepressant use on the trajectory of Alzheimer’s disease: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications.CNS Drugs,33(1):17-29.

[27]KnorrU,SimonsenAH,JensenCS,et al.,2022.Alzheimer’s disease related biomarkers in bipolar disorder‒a longitudinal one-year case-control study.J Affect Disord,297:623-633.

[28]KongLZ,ShenYT,HuSH,et al.,2024.The impact of quetiapine monotherapy or in combination with lithium on the thyroid function in patients with bipolar depression: a retrospective study.CNS Neurosci Ther,30(2):e14342.

[29]LeocadiM,CanuE,PaldinoA,et al.,2023.Awareness impairment in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia: a systematic MRI review.J Neurol,270(4):1880-1907.

[30]LiKY,LinBT,HsuST,et al.,2024.Quetiapine oral solution in Alzheimer’s disease: efficacy and dosage insights from a real-world retrospective study.J Alzheimers Dis,97(2):805-811.

[31]McKnightRF,AdidaM,BudgeK,et al.,2012.Lithium toxicity profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet,379(9817):721-728.

[32]MiziakB,BłaszczykB,CzuczwarSJ,2021.Some candidate drugs for pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer’s disease.Pharmaceuticals (Basel),14(5):458.

[33]MühlbauerV,MöhlerR,DichterMN,et al.,2021.Antipsychotics for agitation and psychosis in people with Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,12(12):CD013304.

[34]MusaG,SlachevskyA,Muñoz-NeiraC,et al.,2020.Alzheimer’s disease or behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia? Review of key points toward an accurate clinical and neuropsychological diagnosis.J Alzheimers Dis,73(3):833-848.

[35]NeffRA,WangMH,VatanseverS,et al.,2021.Molecular subtyping of Alzheimer’s disease using RNA sequencing data reveals novel mechanisms and targets.Sci Adv,7(2):eabb5398.

[36]O'BrienJ,2005.Dementia associated with psychiatric disorders.Int Psychogeriatr,17(Suppl 1):S207-S221.

[37]OrgetaV,TabetN,NilforooshanR,et al.,2017.Efficacy of antidepressants for depression in Alzheimer’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis.J Alzheimers Dis,58(3):725-733.

[38]RaitiereMN,2022.The elusive “switch process” in bipolar disorder and photoperiodism: a hypothesis centering on NADPH oxidase-generated reactive oxygen species within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.Front Psychiatry,13:847584.

[39]RobbinsTW,ElliottR,SahakianBJ,1996.Neuropsychology—dementia and affective disorders.Br Med Bull,52(3):627-643.

[40]RostagnoAA,2022.Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.Int J Mol Sci,24(1):107.

[41]RussoR,CristianoC,AvaglianoC,et al.,2018.Gut-brain axis: role of lipids in the regulation of inflammation, pain and CNS diseases.Curr Med Chem,25(32):3930-3952.

[42]SachdevPS,BlackerD,BlazerDG,et al.,2014.Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach.Nat Rev Neurol,10(11):634-642.

[43]ScheltensP,BlennowK,BretelerMMB,et al.,2016.Alzheimer’s disease.Lancet,388(10043):505-517.

[44]ScheltensP,de StrooperB,KivipeltoM,et al.,2021.Alzheimer’s disease.Lancet,397(10284):1577-1590.

[45]ShiYJ,WeiB,LiLJ,et al.,2022.Th17 cells and inflammation in neurological disorders: possible mechanisms of action.Front Immunol,13:932152.

[46]SoléB,JiménezE,TorrentC,et al.,2017.Cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: treatment and prevention strategies.Int J Neuropsychopharmacol,20(8):670-680.

[47]TaeWS,KimSS,LeeKU,et al.,2011.Hippocampal shape deformation in female patients with unremitting major depressive disorder.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,32(4):671-676.

[48]TariotPN,LoyR,RyanJM,et al.,2002.Mood stabilizers in Alzheimer’s disease: symptomatic and neuroprotective rationales.Adv Drug Deliv Rev,54(12):1567-1577.

[49]TodaT,ParylakSL,LinkerSB,et al.,2019.The role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in brain health and disease.Mol Psychiatry,24(1):67-87.

[50]VogelgsangJ,HeßmannP,Wolff-MenzlerC,et al.,2020.Prevalence of affective disorders and dementia in inflammatory polyarthropathies.Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci,270(2):247-252.

[51]WestMJ,ColemanPD,FloodDG,et al.,1994.Differences in the pattern of hippocampal neuronal loss in normal ageing and Alzheimer’s disease.Lancet,344(8925):769-772.

[52]XuJY,LiQJ,QinW,et al.,2018.Neurobiological substrates underlying the effect of genomic risk for depression on the conversion of amnestic mild cognitive impairment.Brain,141(12):3457-3471.

[53]XuW,FengW,ShenXN,et al.,2021.Amyloid pathologies modulate the associations of minimal depressive symptoms with cognitive impairments in older adults without dementia.Biol Psychiatry,89(8):766-775.

[54]YoungJW,DulcisD,2015.Investigating the mechanism(s) underlying switching between states in bipolar disorder.Eur J Pharmacol,759:151-162.

[55]ZhouJ,SeeleyWW,2014.Network dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia: implications for psychiatry.Biol Psychiatry,75(7):565-573.