Similar articles

Abstract: A case study of a significant surface settlement induced by tunneling in permeable strata with the shallow tunneling method is presented in this paper. The measurements of surface settlements along the excavation direction were first analyzed to highlight the impacts of groundwater seepage. Due to the groundwater inflow inside a double-arched tunnel, the surface settlement developed to a high level far beyond the measured crown settlement. The settlement-affected zone extended to 4 times the tunnel height ahead of the forefront heading and 1.5 times the tunnel height behind the hindmost heading. Consolidation resulting from high pore pressure change was considered to be the main mechanism for the large surface settlements. In addition, a 3D fluid-mechanical coupled numerical analysis was carried out to confirm the relationship between the significant surface settlement and pore pressure variation. This analysis reveals that lowering the permeability of the small pipe grouting zone, especially of the primary lining, could lessen the drop in pore pressure in the overlying strata, further reducing the total surface settlement. The numerical results also suggest that the transverse range of vertical displacement could be quite wide, and the settlement developed integrally from the tunnel crown towards the ground surface due to groundwater seepage. Moreover, the effect of advance drainage on surface settlement was investigated based on the same numerical model. Drainage with horizontal boreholes could considerably increase the safety of tunnel heading but had limited impact on surface settlement. Finally, the applications of pre-grouting and advance drainage measures were discussed for tunneling cases in permeable strata.

渗透性地层中隧道施工引起的地表沉降--以深圳地铁为例

[1]Anagnostou, G., 1995. The influence of tunnel excavation on the hydraulic head. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 19(10):725-746.

[2]Anagnostou, G., 2008. The effect of tunnel advance rate on the surface settlement. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, p.579-586.

[3]Anagnostou, G., Kovári, K., 1996. Face stability conditions with earth pressure balanced shields. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 11(2):165-173.

[4]Attewell, P.B., Woodman, J.P., 1982. Predicting the dynamics of ground settlement and its derivatives caused by tunnelling in soil. Ground Engineering, 15(8):13-22.

[5]Attewell, P.B., Yeates, J., Selby, A.R., 1986. Soil Movements Induced by Tunnelling and Their Effects on Pipelines and Structures. Blackie & Son Ltd., Glasgow, UK.

[6]Chapman, D.N., Ahn, S.K., Hunt, D.V.L., 2007. Investigating ground movements caused by the construction of multiple tunnels in soft ground using laboratory model tests. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 44(6):631-643.

[7]Chen, S.L., Gui, M.W., Yang, M.C., 2012. Applicability of the principle of superposition in estimating ground surface settlement of twin- and quadruple-tube tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 28:135-149.

[8]Clough, G.W., Schmidt, B., 1981. Chapter 8-Design and performance of excavations and tunnels in soft clay. Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 20:567-634.

[9]de Farias, M.M., Junior, A.H.M., de Assis, A.P., 2004. Displacement control in tunnels excavated by the NATM: 3-D numerical simulations. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 19(3):283-293.

[10]Dias, D., Kastner, R., 2013. Movements caused by the excavation of tunnels using face pressurized shields–analysis of monitoring and numerical modelling results. Engineering Geology, 152(1):17-25.

[11]Do, N.A., Dias, D., Oreste, P., 2014. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of mechanized twin stacked tunnels in soft ground. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering), 15(11):896-913.

[12]Ercelebi, S.G., Copur, H., Ocak, I., 2011. Surface settlement predictions for Istanbul Metro tunnels excavated by EPB-TBM. Environmental Earth Sciences, 62(2):357-365.

[13]Fang, Q., Zhang, D.L., Wong, L.N.Y., 2011. Environmental risk management for a cross interchange subway station construction in China. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 26(6):750-763.

[14]Fang, Q., Zhang, D.L., Wong, L.N.Y., 2012. Shallow tunnelling method (STM) for subway station construction in soft ground. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 29:10-30.

[15]Fang, Q., Tai, Q.M., Zhang, D.L., et al., 2016. Ground surface settlements due to construction of closely-spaced twin tunnels with different geometric arrangements. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 51:144-151.

[16]Fillibeck, J., 2015. Tunnel-induced settlements–analysis of measurements and FE-calculations. Proceedings of the ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress 2015–Promoting Tunnelling in South East European Region, p.142-143.

[17]Goodman, R.E., Moye, D.G., Schalkwyk, A.V., et al., 1965. Groundwater inflows during tunnel driving. Engineering Geology, 2(1):39-56.

[18]Hage Chehade, F., Shahrour, I., 2008. Numerical analysis of the interaction between twin-tunnels: influence of the relative position and construction procedure. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 23(2):210-214.

[19]Hefny, A.M., Chua, H.C., Zhao, J., 2004. Parametric studies on the interaction between existing and new bored tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 19(4-5):471.

[20]Hong, E.S., Shin, H.S., Kim, H.M., et al., 2007. Numerical study on horizontal pre-drainage system using horizontal directional drilling in subsea tunnelling. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 26(S2):3697-3703.

[21]Itasca Consulting Group, 2005. Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3 Dimensions. Itasca Consulting Group, Minneapolis, USA.

[22]Li, X.B., Zhang, W., Li, D.Y., et al., 2008. Influence of underground water seepage flow on surrounding rock deformation of multi-arch tunnel. Journal of Central South University of Technology, 15(1):69-74.

[23]Liu, W., Albers, B., Zhao, Y., et al., 2016. Upper bound analysis for estimation of the influence of seepage on tunnel face stability in layered soils. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering), 17(11):886-902.

[24]Mair, R.J., 1996. Settlement effects of bored tunnels. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, p.43-53.

[25]Maranini, E., Brignoli, M., 1999. Creep behaviour of a weak rock: experimental characterization. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 36(1):127-138.

[26]MOR (Ministry of Railways of People’s Republic of China), 2005. Code for Design on Tunnel of Railway, TB 10003-2005. MOR, China (in Chinese).

[27]New, B.M., O’Reilly, M.P., 1991. Tunnelling induced ground movements: predicting their magnitude and effects. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Ground Movements and Structures, p.671-697.

[28]O’Reilly, M.P., New, B.M., 1982. Settlements above tunnels in the United Kingdom–their magnitude and prediction. Proceedings of Tunnelling’ 82, p.173-181.

[29]Peck, R.B., 1969. Deep excavations and tunnelling in soft ground. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundations, p.225-290.

[30]Qi, T.Y., Gao, B., Tan, D.M., 2010. Influence of metro tunneling in soft clay strata on underground pipeline. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 45(1):45-53 (in Chinese).

[31]Rankin, W.J., 1988. Ground movements resulting from urban tunnelling: predictions and effects. Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications, 5(1):79-92.

[32]Shin, J.H., Addenbrooke, T.I., Potts, D.M., 2002. A numerical study of the effect of groundwater movement on long-term tunnel behaviour. Géotechnique, 52(6):391-403.

[33]Suwansawat, S., Einstein, H.H., 2007. Describing settlement troughs over twin tunnels using a superposition technique. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 133(4):445-468. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2007)133:4(445)

[34]Wang, M.S., 2010. Tunnelling and Underground Engineering Technology in China. China Communications Press, Beijing, China (in Chinese).

[35]Wang, Z.C., Wong, R.C.K., Li, S.C., et al., 2012. Finite element analysis of long-term surface settlement above a shallow tunnel in soft ground. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 30:85-92.

[36]Xiang, Y.Y., He, S.H., Cui, Z.J., et al., 2005. A subsurface “drift and pile” protection scheme for the construction of a shallow metro tunnel. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 20(1):1-5.

[37]Xie, X.Y., Yang, Y.B., Mei, J., 2016. Analysis of ground surface settlement induced by the construction of a large-diameter shield-driven tunnel in Shanghai, China. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 51:120-132.

[38]Xu, P., Yang, T.Q., Zhou, H.M., 2004. Study of the creep characteristics and long-term stability of rock masses in the high slopes of the TGP ship lock, China. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 41(S1):261-266.

[39]Yao, X.D., Wang, M.S., 2006. Statistic analysis of guideposts for ground settlement induced by shallow tunnel construction. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 25(10):2030-2035 (in Chinese).

[40]Yoo, C., 2005. Interaction between tunnelling and groundwater –numerical investigation using three dimensional stress-pore pressure coupled analysis. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 131(2):240-250. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2005)131:2(240)

[41]Yoo, C., Lee, Y.J., Kim, S.H., et al., 2012. Tunnelling-induced ground settlements in a groundwater drawdown environment–a case history. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 29:69-77.

[42]Yue, G.X., He, P., Cai, W., 2007. Statistic analysis of stratum deformation during tunnel excavation. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 26(S2):3793-3803 (in Chinese).

[43]Zhang, C.P., Zhang, D.L., Wang, M.S., et al., 2008. Analysis of stratum deformation induced by overlapping tunnels construction in shallow depth. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 27(S1):3244-3250 (in Chinese).

[44]Zhang, D.L., Huang, J., 2005. Analysis and prediction of vault crown settlement in metro tunneling at shallow depth. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 24(10):1703-1707 (in Chinese).

[45]Zingg, S., Anagnostou, G., 2012. The effects of advance drainage on face stability in homogeneous ground. Proceedings of the ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress 2012–Tunnelling and Underground Space for a Global Society.

[46]Zingg, S., Anagnostou, G., 2013. Effect of tunnel diameter on the efficiency of advance drainage with respect to face stability. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tunnelling and Underground Space Construction for Sustainable Development, p.277-280.

[47]Zingg, S., Anagnostou, G., 2016. An investigation into efficient drainage layouts for the stabilization of tunnel faces in homogeneous ground. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 58:49-73.