References:

<HIDE>

[1]Albonetti S, Minardi P, Trombetti F, et al., 2017. In vivo and in vitro effects of selected antioxidants on rabbit meat microbiota. Meat Sci, 123:88-96.

[2]Arterburn LM, Oken HA, Hoffman JP, et al., 2007. Bioequivalence of docosahexaenoic acid from different algal oils in capsules and in a DHA-fortified food. Lipids, 42(11):1011-1024.

[3]Babajide JM, Olaluwoye AA, Taofik Shittu TA, et al., 2013. Physicochemical properties and phytochemical components of spiced cucumber-pineapple fruit drink. Niger Food J, 31(1):40-52.

[4]Bordi C, de Bentzmann S, 2011. Hacking into bacterial biofilms: a new therapeutic challenge. Ann Intensive Care, 1:19.

[5]Burlingame B, Nishida C, Uauy R, et al., 2009. Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition: introduction. Ann Nutr Metab, 55(1-3):5-7.

[6]Calder PC, 2006. N3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. Am J Clin Nutr, 83(6):S1505-S1519.

[7]Calo JR, Crandall PG, O'Bryan CA, et al., 2015. Essential oils as antimicrobials in food systems—a review. Food Control, 54:111-119.

[8]Calviello G, Palozza P, Franceschelli P, et al., 1997. Low-dose eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic acid administration modifies fatty acid composition and does not affect susceptibility to oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes and tissues. Lipids, 32(10):1075-1083.

[9]Carballeira NM, 2008. New advances in fatty acids as antimalarial, antimycobacterial and antifungal agents. Prog Lipid Res, 47(1):50-61.

[10]Casos K, Zaragoza MC, Zarkovic N, et al., 2010. A fish-oil-rich diet reduces vascular oxidative stress in apoE^−/− mice. Free Radic Res, 44(7):821-829.

[11]Cavalieri SJ, Rankin ID, Harbeck RJ, et al., 2005. Antimicrobial modes of action. In: Coyle MB (Ed.), Manual of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, p.3-14.

[12]CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 2015. Antimicrobial Resistance. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/about.html [Accessed on Oct. 17, 2016].

[13]Cheng CL, Huang SJ, Wu CL, et al., 2015. Transgenic expression of omega-3 PUFA synthesis genes improves zebrafish survival during Vibrio vulnificus infection. J Biomed Sci, 22(1):103.

[14]Collins ML, Lynch B, Barfield W, et al., 2014. Genetic and acute toxicological evaluation of an algal oil containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and palmitoleic acid. Food Chem Toxicol, 72:162-168.

[15]Correia M, Michel V, Matos AA, et al., 2012. Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits Helicobacter pylori growth in vitro and mice gastric mucosa colonization. PLoS ONE, 7(4): e35072.

[16]Das UN, 2008. Can essential fatty acids reduce the burden of disease(s)? Lipids Health Dis, 7(1):9.

[17]Desbois AP, 2012. Potential applications of antimicrobial fatty acids in medicine, agriculture and other industries. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov, 7(2):111-122.

[18]Desbois AP, 2013. Antimicrobial properties of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n−3). In: Kim SK (Ed.), Marine Microbiology. Wiley Online Library, p.351-367.

[19]Desbois AP, Smith VJ, 2010. Antibacterial free fatty acids: activities, mechanisms of action and biotechnological potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 85(6):1629-1642.

[20]Desbois AP, Lawlor KC, 2013. Antibacterial activity of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. Marine Drugs, 11(11):4544-4557.

[21]di Nunzio M, Valli V, Bordoni A, 2011. Pro- and anti-oxidant effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in HepG2 cells. Prostag Leukotr Ess, 85(3-4):121-127.

[22]El-Sharkawy H, Aboelsaad N, Eliwa M, et al., 2010. Adjunctive treatment of chronic periodontitis with daily dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids and low-dose aspirin. J Periodontol, 81(11):1635-1643.

[23]Frieri G, Pimpo MT, Palombieri A, et al., 2000. Polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary supplementation: an adjuvant approach to treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Nutr Res, 20(7):907-916.

[24]Fung DYC, Sheree Lin CC, Gailani MB, 1985. Effect of phenolic antioxidants on microbial growth. CRC Crit Rev Microbiol, 12(2):153-183.

[25]Grundt H, Nilsen DWT, Mansoor MA, et al., 2003. Increased lipid peroxidation during long-term intervention with high doses of n-3 fatty acids (PUFAs) following an acute myocardial infarction. Eur J Clin Nutr, 57(6):793-800.

[26]Hilmarsson H, Traustason BS, Kristmundsdottir T, et al., 2007. Virucidal activities of medium- and long-chain fatty alcohols and lipids against respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus type 2: comparison at different pH levels. Arch Virol, 152(12):2225-2236.

[27]Hoffman DR, 2013. What are EPA/DHA? http://drhoffman.com/wp-content/plugins/post2pdf-converter/post2pdf-converter-pdf-maker.php?id=2513 [Accessed on Aug. 30, 2016].

[28]Huang C, 2011. Omega polyunsaturated fatty acids for the treatment of oral diseases. http://www.google.com/patents/WO2011056327A1?cl=en [Accessed on Jan. 3, 2017].

[29]Huang CB, Ebersole JL, 2010. A novel bioactivity of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their ester derivatives. Mol Oral Microbiol, 25(1):75-80.

[30]Igennus, 2016. EPA vs DHA—understand the difference. https://igennus.com/nutrition/omega-3-science/epa-vs-dha/# [Accessed on Jan. 3, 2017].

[31]Jackman JA, Yoon BK, Li D, et al., 2016. Nanotechnology formulations for antibacterial free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Molecules, 21(3):305.

[32]Jung SW, Lee SW, 2016. The antibacterial effect of fatty acids on Helicobacter pylori infection. Korean J Intern Med, 31(1):30-35.

[33]Kabara JJ, 1979. Toxicological, bacteriocidal and fungicidal properties of fatty acids and some derivatives. J Am Oil Chem Soc, 56(11):760A-767A.

[34]Kalia M, Yadav VK, Singh PK, et al., 2015. Effect of cinnamon oil on quorum sensing-controlled virulence factors and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS ONE, 10(8):e0135495.

[35]Kroes R, Schaefer EJ, Squire RA, et al., 2003. A review of the safety of DHA45-oil. Food Chem Toxicol, 41(11):1433-1446.

[36]Lawrence GD, 2010. The Fats of Life: Essential Fatty Acids in Health and Disease. Rutgers University Press, p.11-43.

[37]Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS, 2011. General principles of antimicrobial therapy. Mayo Clin Proc, 86(2):156-167.

[38]Lopez-Romero JC, Gonzalez-Rios H, Borges A, et al., 2015. Antibacterial effects and mode of action of selected essential oils components against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Evid-Based Compl Altern Med, 2015:795435.

[39]Matouk E, 2014. Safety study of fenretinide in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT02141958?term=Docosahexaenoic&phase=0467%20&rank=20 [Accessed on Jan. 3, 2017].

[40]Mattos GN, Tonon RV, Furtado AA, et al., 2016. Grape by-products extracts against microbial proliferation and lipid oxidation: a review. J Sci Food Agric, 97(4):1055-1064.

[41]Mil-Homens D, Bernardes N, Fialho AM, et al., 2012. The antibacterial properties of docosahexaenoic omega-3 fatty acid against the cystic fibrosis multiresistant pathogen Burkholderia cenocepacia. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 328(1): 61-69.

[42]Mileski KS, Ciric AD, Trifunovic SS, et al., 2016. Heracleum orphanidis: chemical characterisation, and comparative evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities with specific interest in the influence on Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Food Funct, 7(9):4061-4074.

[43]Morais-Braga MF, Souza TM, Santos KK, et al., 2012. Phenolic compounds and interaction between aminoglycosides and natural products of Lygodium venustum SW against multiresistant bacteria. Chemotherapy, 58(5):337-340.

[44]Moss JWE, Ramji DP, 2016. Nutraceutical therapies for atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol, 13(9):513-532.

[45]Mukherjee PK, Nema NK, Maity N, et al., 2013. Phytochemical and therapeutic potential of cucumber. Fitoterapia, 84:227-236.

[46]Nascimento GGF, Locatelli J, Freitas PC, et al., 2000. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Braz J Microbiol, 31:247-256.

[47]Neitzel JJ, 2010. Fatty acid molecules: fundamentals and role in signaling. Nat Educ, 3(9):57.

[48]Oh DY, Talukdar S, Bae EJ, et al., 2010. GPR120 is an omega-3 fatty acid receptor mediating potent anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects. Cell, 142(5):687-698.

[49]Olveira G, Olveira C, Acosta E, et al., 2010. Fatty acid supplements improve respiratory, inflammatory and nutritional parameters in adults with cystic fibrosis. Arch Bronconeumol, 46(2):70-77.

[50]Page RC, 1991. The role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res, 26(3):230-242.

[51]Pagliaro B, Santolamazza C, Simonelli F, et al., 2015. Phytochemical compounds and protection from cardiovascular diseases: a state of the art. Biomed Res Int, 2015:918069.

[52]Prince AS, 2002. Biofilms, antimicrobial resistance, and airway infection. New Engl J Med, 347(14):1110-1111.

[53]Richard D, Kefi K, Barbe U, et al., 2008. Polyunsaturated fatty acids as antioxidants. Pharmacol Res, 57(6):451-455.

[54]Schmitt D, Tran N, Peach J, et al., 2012. Toxicologic evaluations of DHA-rich algal oil in rats: developmental toxicity study and 3-month dietary toxicity study with an in utero exposure phase. Food Chem Toxicol, 50(11):4149-4157.

[55]Sharma G, Rao S, Bansal A, et al., 2014. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm: potential therapeutic targets. Biologicals, 42(1):1-7.

[56]Shin SY, Bajpai VK, Kim HR, et al., 2007. Antibacterial activity of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) against foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol, 113(2):233-236.

[57]Smith WL, 2005. Cyclooxygenases, peroxide tone and the allure of fish oil. Curr Opin Cell Biol, 17(2):174-182.

[58]Sousa AS, Prates RA, de Santi MESO, et al., 2016. Photodynamic inactivation of Candida albicans biofilm: influence of the radiant energy and photosensitizer charge. Photodiagn Photodyn, 14:111-114.

[59]Sun M, Zhou Z, Dong J, et al., 2016. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) against periodontopathic bacteria. Microb Pathogenesis, 99:196-203.

[60]Thormar H, 2011. Antibacterial effects of lipids: historical review (1881 to 1960). Lipids and Essent Oils as Antimicro Agents. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., p.25-45.

[61]US FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 2004. Substances affirmed as generally recognized as safe: menhaden oil [Docket No. 1999P-5332]. US Federal Register, p.2313-2317. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2004/01/ 15/04-811/substances-affirmed-as-generally-recognized-as-safe-menhaden-oil [Accessed on Apr. 3, 2017].

[62]van Dyke TE, Serhan CN, 2003. Resolution of inflammation: a new paradigm for the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. J Dent Res, 82(2):82-90.

[63]Wainwright M, 1989. Moulds in ancient and more recent medicine. Mycologist, 3(1):21-23.

[64]Wall R, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, et al., 2010. Fatty acids from fish: the anti-inflammatory potential of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids. Nutr Rev, 68(5):280-289.

[65]WHO, 1995. WHO and FAO joint consultation: fats and oils in human nutrition. Nutr Rev, 53(7):202-205.

[66]Zhang YM, Rock CO, 2008. Membrane lipid homeostasis in bacteria. Nat Rev Microl, 6(3):222-233.

[67]Zheng CJ, Yoo JS, Lee TG, et al., 2005. Fatty acid synthesis is a target for antibacterial activity of unsaturated fatty acids. FEBS Lett, 579(23):5157-5162.