Abstract: Much energy is stored in wastewaters. How to efficiently capture this energy is of great significance for meeting the world’s energy needs, reducing wastewater handling costs and increasing the sustainability of wastewater treatment. The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a recently developed biotechnology for electrical energy recovery from the organic pollutants in wastewaters. MFCs hold great promise for sustainable wastewater treatment. However, at present there is still much research needed before the MFC technique can be practically applied in the real world. In this review, we analyze the opportunities and key challenges for MFCs to achieve sustainability in wastewater treatment. We especially discuss the problems and challenges for scaling up the MFC systems; this is the most critical issue for realizing the practical implementation of this technique. In order to achieve sustainability, MFCs may also be combined with other techniques to yield high effluent quality or to recover more commercial value (i.e., by producing energy-rich or high value chemicals) from wastewaters. However, research in this area is still on-going and many problems need to be settled before real-world application. Advances are required in respect of efficiency, economic feasibility, system stability, and reliability.

Key words: Microbial fuel cell (MFC), Wastewater treatment, Sustainability, Scale up, Chemical production

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