Abstract: Artificial muscles are materials which possess muscle-like characteristics; they have many promising applications and many materials have been exploited as artificial muscles. In this review, the artificial muscles discussed are confined to dielectric elastomers and responsive gels. We focus on their constitutive models based on free energy function theory. For dielectric elastomers, both hyperelastic and visco-hyperelastic models are involved. For responsive gels, we consider different kinds of gels, such as hydrogel, pH-sensitive gel, temperature-sensitive gel, polyelectrolyte gel, reactive gel, etc. With an accurate, reliable, and powerful constitutive model, exact theoretical analysis can be achieved and the important intrinsic characteristics of artificial muscle based systems can be revealed.

Key words: Constitutive model, Artificial muscle, Dielectric elastomer, Responsive gel, Free energy function

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