Abstract: Toxicity regression equations and half lethal doses (LD₅₀) of LCNS treatment of O. furnacalis larvae at 24, 48, and 72 h are shown in Table 1. The LD₅₀ of LCNS (dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution containing 1% acetonitrile, pH=7.0) at 24, 48, and 72 h was 341.7, 112.1, and 16.3 mg/kg, respectively. These values were used as the toxic dose reference of drug-loaded nanoparticles. Our previous study suggested that increasing the LCNS dose from 10 to 400 mg/kg increased the mortality rate of free LCNS from 25% to 65%; a low dose of M₄/L (10 mg/kg) resulted in a higher mortality rate (70%) at 24 h (Xiao et al., 2022). Considering the easy photolysis of LCNS (Xiao et al., 2022), insecticidal experiments using 10 or 200 mg/kg LCNS or M₄/L in the diet of the O. furnacalis larvae with 12-h starvation were conducted under dark or light conditions to analyze the effect of light on larval mortality.

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