Abstract: Geomaterials, such as soil, rock, and concrete, have a clearly defined microstructure at the level of individual grains (Sprunt and Brace, 1974; Ichikawa et al., 2001). While difficult to observe directly, these microstructures, including their particle size distribution, particle shape, mineralogy, interaction, and bonding behavior, have a strong influence on both micro- and macroscopic behaviors of geomaterials (Gao and Zhao, 2013; He et al., 2018; Alqam et al., 2019; Sun et al., 2020; Yin et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2022). In recent years, various kinds of engineered geomaterials, such as fiber-reinforced and bio-reinforced soils, have been shown to have even more sophisticated microstructures (Uygunoğlu, 2008; Mujah et al., 2019; Akeed et al., 2022). Additionally, the interaction between various microstructures and fluid flows further complicates attempts to understand the associations between the microstructure and performance of geomaterials (Xiong et al., 2021; Wang P et al., 2023).

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