Abstract: To accurately identify the potential contact loss of the China railway track system (CRTS) III prefabricated slab track, a finite element model with contact loss of self-compacting concrete (SCC) under transient impact was established. Then the vertical accelerations near impact points on the track slab surface were extracted to obtain damage-sensitive indices in the time and frequency domains. The indices were initially normalized to obtain independent items of evidence before the Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory was used to fuse these into one. Finally, a two-stage identification was performed to identify the damaged SCC area, comprising a rough identification (Stage I) and a precise identification (Stage II). The research results show that the damage indices extracted based on the transient impact response change abruptly at the damage location, and that can be used for damage identification. However, the use of a single index to determine the damage of the impact point may be misjudged. In Stage I, five damage indices of acceleration were fused to magnify the difference between the damaged point and undamaged point, thereby improving the accuracy of finding damage. In Stage II, in the area where more impact points were added, a fusion of three indices of acceleration response, that is, the absolute mean of the time domain, the maximum amplitude of the frequency domain, and the power density ratio, further narrowed down the area where damage exists. As a result, when the contact loss of SCC is greater than 50% along the thickness direction, the identification accuracy can be as high as 70% to 80%. The two-stage identification method proposed in this study can greatly improve the efficiency of interlayer damage detection of slab tracks and is expected to provide effective technical support for damage identification of track structures in the future.

基于多指标融合的CRTSIII型板式无砟轨道层间脱空两阶段识别

[1]AuerschL,SaidS,2017.Track-soil dynamics–calculation and measurement of damaged and repaired slab tracks.Transportation Geotechnics,12:1-14.

[2]AuerschL,SaidS,2020.Slab track behaviour under train passage and hammer impact-measurements at different sites and calculated track interaction with continuous soils.International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration,25(3):341-354.

[3]BahatiPA,LeVD,LimY,2021.An impact echo method to detect cavities between railway track slabs and soil foundation.Journal of Engineering and Applied Science,68(1):7.

[4]CassidyNJ,EddiesR,DodsS,2011.Void detection beneath reinforced concrete sections: the practical application of ground-penetrating radar and ultrasonic techniques.Journal of Applied Geophysics,74(4):263-276.

[5]DavisAG,LimMK,PetersenCG,2005.Rapid and economical evaluation of concrete tunnel linings with impulse response and impulse radar non-destructive methods.NDT & E International,38(3):181-186.

[6]GrandeE,ImbimboM,2014.A multi-stage data-fusion procedure for damage detection of linear systems based on modal strain energy.Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring,4(2):107-118.

[7]HarsenoRW,LeeSJ,KeeSH,et al.,2022.Evaluation of air-cavities behind concrete tunnel linings using GPR measurements.Remote Sensing,14(21):5348.

[8]HołaJ,SadowskiŁ,SchabowiczK,2009.Nondestructive evaluation of the concrete floor quality using impulse response method and impact-echo method.Journal of Nondestructive Testing & Ultrasonics,14(3):55-62.

[9]HuQ,ShenYJ,ZhuHP,et al.,2021.A feasibility study on void detection of cement-emulsified asphalt mortar for slab track system utilizing measured vibration data.Engineering Structures,245:112349.

[10]JiangW,WeiBY,XieCH,et al.,2016.An evidential sensor fusion method in fault diagnosis.Advances in Mechanical Engineering,8(3):1-7.

[11]JiangW,XieYJ,WuJX,et al.,2020.Influence of age on the detection of defects at the bonding interface in the CRTS III slab ballastless track structure via the impact-echo method.Construction and Building Materials,265:120787.

[12]KeYT,ChengCC,LinYC,et al.,2020.Preliminary study on assessing delaminated cracks in cement asphalt mortar layer of high-speed rail track using traditional and normalized impact-echo methods.Sensors,20(11):3022.

[13]KeeSH,ZhuJY,2010.Using air-coupled sensors to determine the depth of a surface-breaking crack in concrete.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,127(3):1279-1287.

[14]KhannaV,MooneyMA,MillerGA,2012.Impulse response dynamic stiffness decay in aging general aviation airfield pavements.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2304(1):119-129.

[15]LeeJW,LeeSJ,KeeSH,2021.Evaluation of a concrete slab track with debonding at the interface between track concrete layer and hydraulically stabilized base course using multi-channel impact-echo testing.Sensors,21(21):7091.

[16]LiN,LongGC,FuQ,et al.,2019.Effects of freeze and cyclic flexural load on mechanical evolution of filling layer self-compacting concrete.Construction and Building Materials,200:198-208.

[17]LiaoHJ,ZhuQN,ZanYW,et al.,2016.Detection of ballastless track diseases in high-speed railway based on ground penetrating radar.Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,51(1):8-13(in Chinese).

[18]LinYC,SansaloneM,CarinoNJ,1990.Finite element studies of the impact-echo response of plates containing thin layers and voids.Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation,9(1):27-47.

[19]LiuLY,LvR,LiuHL,2011.Vertical high frequency vibration response analysis of ballastless track.Journal of Railway Science and Engineering,8(6):1-6(in Chinese).

[20]MaDD,2015.Study on Ground Penetrating Radar Detection Method Used in Under Line Layered Structure of High-Speed Railway. MS Thesis,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin, China(in Chinese).

[21]MartinJD,SimpsonTW,2005.Use of Kriging models to approximate deterministic computer models.AIAA Journal,43(4):853-863.

[22]McCabeT,ErdogmusE,KodsyA,et al.,2021.Early detection of honeycombs in concrete pavement using GPR.Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities,35(1):04020138.

[23]OhT,PopovicsJS,HamS,et al.,2013.Improved interpretation of vibration responses from concrete delamination defects using air-coupled impact resonance tests.Journal of Engineering Mechanics,139(3):315-324.

[24]RenJJ,LiHL,CaiXP,et al.,2020.Viscoelastic deformation behavior of cement and emulsified asphalt mortar in China railway track system I prefabricated slab track.Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering),21(4):304-316.

[25]RenJJ,DuW,LiuJ,et al.,2021a.Damage identification of steel spring for floating slab track based on index fusion.Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition),49(11):95-100(in Chinese).

[26]RenJJ,DengSJ,ZhangKY,et al.,2021b.Design theories and maintenance technologies of slab tracks for high-speed railways in China: a review.Transportation Safety and Environment,3(4):tdab024.

[27]ShuZL,ZhuSY,ZhangHJ,2021.Ground penetrating radar detection and three-dimensional forward modeling of CA mortar layer disease on ballastless track.Journal of Railway Science and Engineering,18(7):1679-1685(in Chinese).

[28]SunWJ,ThompsonD,TowardM,et al.,2020.Modelling of vibration and noise behaviour of embedded tram tracks using a wavenumber domain method.Journal of Sound and Vibration,481:115446.

[29]SuranthiranS,JayasuriyaS,2003.Effective fusion of distorted multi-sensor data.Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, p.444-449.

[30]ThompsonDJ,JonesCJC,WuTX,et al.,1999.The influence of the non-linear stiffness behaviour of rail pads on the track component of rolling noise.Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit,213(4):233-241.

[31]TianXS,ZhaoWG,DuYL,et al.,2018.Detection of mortar defects in ballastless tracks of high-speed railway using transient elastic wave method.Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring,8(1):151-160.

[32]TianXS,DuYL,ZhaoWG,2019.Detection and identification of mortar void in the ballastless track of high-speed railway based on transient impact characteristics.Journal of Vibration and Shock,38(18):148-153(in Chinese).

[33]VarnavinaAV,KhamzinAK,TorgashovEV,et al.,2015.Data acquisition and processing parameters for concrete bridge deck condition assessment using ground-coupled ground penetrating radar: some considerations.Journal of Applied Geophysics,114:123-133.

[34]WangQ,HanX,YiZJ,2010.Study on identification of cavity area under concrete pavement using transient impulse-response method.Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,27(11):26-32(in Chinese).

[35]WuSS,2018.Research on Void Detection Method of CRTS II Slab Track Based on Transient Impulse Response. MS Thesis,Shijiazhuang Tiedao University,Shijiazhuang, China(in Chinese).

[36]XuJM,WangP,AnBY,et al.,2018.Damage detection of ballastless railway tracks by the impact-echo method.Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport,171(2):106-114.

[37]XuYD,HuM,XuGY,et al.,2022.Applicability of air-coupled impact echo method for detecting interlayer void of ballastless track.Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology),53(5):1918-1929(in Chinese).

[38]YangY,ZhaoWG,2019.Curvelet transform-based identification of void diseases in ballastless track by ground-penetrating radar.Structural Control and Health Monitoring,26(4):e2322.

[39]YangY,TianXS,ZhaoWG,et al.,2022.Analysis on identification of seam separation defect of ballastless track based on SST.Journal of the China Railway Society,44(7):117-124(in Chinese).

[40]YeWL,RenJJ,ZhangAA,et al.,2023.Automatic pixel-level crack detection with multi-scale feature fusion for slab tracks.Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering,in press.

[41]ZhanJW,ShiZ,PanLJ,et al.,2020.Disease assessment method for CA mortar layer of CRTS I slab ballastless track based on dynamic stiffness.China Railway Science,41(4):21-28(in Chinese).

[42]ZhangGY,WangZ,WangBX,et al.,2020.Method of ballastless track mortar layer void disease detection based on multi-source feature fusion.Modern Electronics Technique,43(22):62-66(in Chinese).

[43]ZhuJY,PopovicsJS,2007.Imaging concrete structures using air-coupled impact-echo.Journal of Engineering Mechanics,133(6):628-640.

[44]ZoidisN,TatsisE,VlachopoulosC,et al.,2013.Inspection, evaluation and repair monitoring of cracked concrete floor using NDT methods.Construction and Building Materials,48:1302-1308.