Abstract: ObjectiveExcessive frictional heat generated at the drill–bone interface during implant osteotomy can compromise osseointegration and lead to implant failure. This study’s objective was to use a helical milling technique for dental implant osteotomy preparation to mitigate thermal damage to the bone.
MethodsThis study introduces a novel helical milling technique designed to minimize thermal damage to bone during dental implant osteotomy preparations. Finite element simulations were conducted to compare the thermal distribution and cutting stress of a conventional twist drill and the newly designed helical drill. The experimental validation was performed ex vivo on animal bone using a robot-assisted osteotomy system.
ResultsThe finite element simulations revealed that the helical drill produced a maximum cutting stress of 128.9 MPa, higher than the 121.0 MPa generated by the twist drill, indicating improved cutting efficiency. The ex vivo study demonstrated that the helical milling technique maintained the drilling site temperature below 38.7 °C, which was significantly lower than the clinically critical threshold of 47 °C and the 61 °C recorded with the twist drill. Furthermore, the helical milling process facilitated efficient bone chip removal, reducing thermal buildup.
ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the helical milling tool and technique optimize robot-assisted osteotomy and effectively mitigate frictional heat generation at the drill–bone interface. This innovation holds promise for enhancing osseointegration success rates in dental implant procedures, offering a clinically viable solution to a long-standing challenge in implantology.

机器人辅助牙种植窝洞制备的新型钻铣技术： 仿真和离体动物骨骼实验验证研究

[1]AhmadP, AlamMK, AldajaniA, et al., 2021. Dental robotics: a disruptive technology. Sensors, 21(10):3308.

[2]Al-AbdullahKI, LimCP, NajdovskiZ, et al., 2019. A model-based bone milling state identification method via force sensing for a robotic surgical system. Int J Med Robot Comp, 15(3):e1989.

[3]Al-AbdullahKIAL, AbdiH, LimCP, et al., 2018. Force and temperature modelling of bone milling using artificial neural networks. Measurement, 116:25-37.

[4]AlamK, MitrofanovAV, SilberschmidtVV, 2009. Finite element analysis of forces of plane cutting of cortical bone. Comput Mater Sci, 46(3):738-743.

[5]BahramiR, PourhajibagherM, NikpartoN, et al., 2024. Robot-assisted dental implant surgery procedure: a literature review. J Dent Sci, 19(3):1359-1368.

[6]BarmanA, AdhikariR, BolarG, 2020. Evaluation of conventional drilling and helical milling for processing of holes in titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. Mater Today Proc, 28:2295-2300.

[7]BarryJ, ByrneG, 2002. The mechanisms of chip formation in machining hardened steels. J Manuf Sci Eng, 124(3):528-535.

[8]BrinksmeierE, FangmannS, RentschR, 2011. Drilling of composites and resulting surface integrity. CIRP Ann, 60(1):57-60.

[9]BuserD, SennerbyL, de BruynH, 2017. Modern implant dentistry based on osseointegration: 50 years of progress, current trends and open questions. Periodontology 2000, 73(1):7-21.

[10]ChangCS, 2007. Prediction of the cutting temperatures of stainless steel with chamfered main cutting edge tools. J Mater Process Technol, 190(1-3):332-341.

[11]ChenG, GaoQ, YangXP, et al., 2022. Investigation of heat partition and instantaneous temperature in milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. J Manuf Process, 80:302-319.

[12]ChenQS, DaiL, LiuY, et al., 2020. A cortical bone milling force model based on orthogonal cutting distribution method. Adv Manuf, 8(2):204-215.

[13]ChenT, LiuJQ, LiuG, et al., 2023. Experimental study on titanium alloy cutting property and wear mechanism with circular-arc milling cutters. Chin J Mech Eng, 36:57.

[14]ChenYC, TuYK, TsaiYJ, et al., 2018. Assessment of thermal necrosis risk regions for different bone qualities as a function of drilling parameters. Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 162:253-261.

[15]ChengKJ, KanTS, LiuYF, et al., 2021. Accuracy of dental implant surgery with robotic position feedback and registration algorithm: an in-vitro study. Comput Biol Med, 129:104153.

[16]ConwardM, SamuelJ, 2016. Machining characteristics of the haversian and plexiform components of bovine cortical bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 60:525-534.

[17]HaddadM, ZitouneR, EymaF, et al., 2014. Study of the surface defects and dust generated during trimming of CFRP: influence of tool geometry, machining parameters and cutting speed range. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf, 66:142-154.

[18]HuangSN, ShieMY, ShenYW, et al., 2019. Biomechanical assessment of design parameters on a self-developed 3D-printed titanium-alloy reconstruction/prosthetic implant for mandibular segmental osteotomy defect. Metals, 9(5):597.

[19]IsbilirO, GhassemiehE, 2012. Finite element analysis of drilling of carbon fibre reinforced composites. Appl Compos Mater, 19(3-4):637-656.

[20]JiangZL, QiXZ, SunY, et al., 2020. Cutting depth monitoring based on milling force for robot-assisted laminectomy. IEEE Trans Autom Sci Eng, 17(1):2-14.

[21]KanTS, ChengKJ, LiuYF, et al., 2022. Evaluation of a custom-designed human-robot collaboration control system for dental implant robot. Int J Med Robot Comp Assisted Surg, 18(1):e2346.

[22]KarmaniS, 2006. The thermal properties of bone and the effects of surgical intervention. Curr Orthop, 20(1):52-58.

[23]KarnikAP, ChhajerH, VenkateshSB, 2024. Transforming Prosthodontics and oral implantology using robotics and artificial intelligence. Front Oral Health, 5:1442100.

[24]LeeJ, RabinY, OzdoganlarOB, 2011. A new thermal model for bone drilling with applications to orthopaedic surgery. Med Eng Phys, 33(10):1234-1244.

[25]LeeJ, ChavezCL, ParkJ, 2018. Parameters affecting mechanical and thermal responses in bone drilling: a review. J Biomech, 71:4-21.

[26]LiuJ, TangXK, LiSP, et al., 2022. Optimization of multi-tooth milling tool for interlaminar damage suppression in the milling of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers. Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 121(1-2):1235-1251.

[27]LiuSN, WuD, ZhaoJ, et al., 2022. Novel crescent drill design and mechanistic force modeling for thrust force reduction in bone drilling. Med Eng Phys, 103:103795.

[28]MalvisiA, VendruscoloP, MoriciF, et al., 2000. Milling versus sawing: comparison of temperature elevation and clinical performance during bone cutting. In: Delp SL, DiGoia AM, Jaramaz B (Eds.), Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2000. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1935. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, p.1238-1244.

[29]MassoumiF, TaftiAA, MirdehghanSM, 2019. Heat caused by dental implant fixture seating: temperature in vitro and software simulation. J Long-Term Eff Med Implants, 29(4):303-310.

[30]ParkSY, ShinSY, YangSM, et al., 2010. Effect of implant drill design on the particle size of the bone collected during osteotomy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 39(10):1007-1011.

[31]PereiraRBD, BrandãoLC, de PaivaAP, et al., 2017. A review of helical milling process. Int J Mach Tools Manuf, 120:27-48.

[32]SantiusteC, Rodríguez-MillánM, GinerE, et al., 2014. The influence of anisotropy in numerical modeling of orthogonal cutting of cortical bone. Compos Struct, 116(9):423-431.

[33]ShangZD, LiaoZR, SarasuaJA, et al., 2019. On modelling of laser assisted machining: forward and inverse problems for heat placement control. Int J Mach Tools Manuf, 138:36-50.

[34]SuF, HuZH, RongZ, et al., 2020a. New drill-milling tools for novel drill-milling process of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics. Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 107(1-2):217-228.

[35]SuF, LiCJ, LiWY, et al., 2020b. Cutting forces and correlation with the damages during CFRP drill-milling by using novel drill-milling tool. Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 108(7-8):2661-2674.

[36]SuF, LiWY, JuanC, et al., 2021. Drill-milling process and novel drill-milling tool for making a hole on carbon fiber-reinforced plastics. Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 115(7-8):2125-2143.

[37]SugitaN, OsaT, MitsuishiM, 2009. Analysis and estimation of cutting-temperature distribution during end milling in relation to orthopedic surgery. Med Eng Phys, 31(1):101-107.

[38]SunL, GaoH, WangB, et al., 2020. Mechanism of reduction of damage during helical milling of titanium/CFRP/aluminium stacks. Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 107(11-12):4741-4753.

[39]SunXY, McKenzieFD, BawabS, et al., 2011. Automated dental implantation using image-guided robotics: registration results. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg, 6(5):627-634.

[40]TaiBL, ZhangLH, WangA, et al., 2013. Neurosurgical bone grinding temperature monitoring. Procedia CIRP, 5:226-230.

[41]TurkiY, HabakM, VelascoR, et al., 2014. Experimental investigation of drilling damage and stitching effects on the mechanical behavior of carbon/epoxy composites. Int J Mach Tools Manuf, 87:61-72.

[42]WangHY, QinXD, LiH, et al., 2013. Analysis of cutting forces in helical milling of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics. Prod Inst Mech Eng Part B J Eng Manuf, 227(1):62-74.

[43]WangYQ, LiJM, LiuK, et al., 2022. Experiment and numerical study of chip formation mechanism during cryogenic machining of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. J Manuf Process, 84:1246-1257.

[44]WuHC, ChenXH, KongLH, et al., 2023. Mechanical and biological properties of titanium and its alloys for oral implant with preparation techniques: a review. Materials, 16(21):6860.

[45]YuDD, LiuC, WuYQ, et al., 2020. Measurement and prediction of drilling force in fresh human cadaver mandibles: a pilot study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, 22(1):4-12.