Similar articles

Abstract: The drying shrinkage of geopolymers poses significant limitations on their potential as constructive materials. In this study, the drying shrinkage of metakaolin-based geopolymer (MKG) with different initial water/solid ratios and pore structures was investigated experimentally. According to mini-bar shrinkage experiments, the drying shrinkage-water loss relation of MKG showed two-stage behavior. The initial water/solid ratio influences the critical water loss and span of the pausing period of the shrinkage curves but not the general trend. Combined with the microstructure characterization and physical estimation, the underlying dependency of the shrinkage on the pore structure of the binder was elucidated. Capillary pressure, surface energy change, and gel densification dominate the drying shrinkage of MKG at different water loss stages. The findings indicate that besides porosity control, finer tuning of the pore size distribution is needed to control the drying shrinkage of MKG.

偏高岭土基地聚物干燥收缩与微观结构关系

[1]Amran M, Debbarma S, Ozbakkaloglu T, 2021. Fly ash-based eco-friendly geopolymer concrete: a critical review of the long-term durability properties. Construction and Building Materials, 270:121857.

[2]Antunes Boca Santa RA, Soares C, Riella HG, 2017. Geopolymers obtained from bottom ash as source of alumino silicate cured at room temperature. Construction and Building Materials, 157:459-466.

[3]ASTM (American Society of Testing Materials), 2017. Standard Practice for Use of Apparatus for the Determination of Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, and Concrete, ASTM C490/C490M-17. ASTM International.

[4]Bangham DH, Razouk RI, 1937a. Adsorption and the wettability of solid surfaces. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 33:1459-1463.

[5]Bangham DH, Razouk RI, 1937b. The wetting of charcoal and the nature of the adsorbed phase formed from saturated vapours. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 33:1463-1472.

[6]Boca Santa RAA, Kessler JC, Soares C, et al., 2018. Micro structural evaluation of initial dissolution of aluminosilicate particles and formation of geopolymer material. Particuology, 41:101-111.

[7]Brue FNG, Davy CA, Burlion N, et al., 2017. Five year drying of high performance concretes: effect of temperature and cement-type on shrinkage. Cement and Concrete Research, 99:70-85.

[8]Castel A, Foster SJ, Ng T, et al., 2016. Creep and drying shrinkage of a blended slag and low calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete. Materials and Structures, 49(5):1619-1628.

[9]Chen SK, 2015. Study of Basic Mechanical Properties and Influential Factors of Metakaolin-based Geopolymer. MS Thesis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (in Chinese).

[10]Davidovits J, 1991. Geopolymers: inorganic polymeric new materials. Journal of Thermal Analysis, 37(8):1633-1656.

[11]Davidovits J, 1994. Properties of geopolymer cements. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Alkaline Cements and Concretes, p.131-149.

[12]de Gennes PG, Brochard-Wyart F, Quéré D, 2004. Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena: Drops, Bubbles, Pearls, Waves. Springer, New York, USA, p.1-31.

[13]Diamond S, 2000. Mercury porosimetry: an inappropriate method for the measurement of pore size distributions in cement-based materials. Cement and Concrete Research, 30(10):1517-1525.

[14]Duxson P, Provis JL, Lukey GC, et al., 2005. Understanding the relationship between geopolymer composition, microstructure and mechanical properties. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 269(1-3):47-58.

[15]Duxson P, Lukey GC, van Deventer JSJ, 2007. Physical evolution of Na-geopolymer derived from metakaolin up to 1000 °C. Journal of Materials Science, 42(9):3044-3054.

[16]Feldman RF, Sereda PJ, 1964. Sorption of water on compacts of bottle-hydrated cement. I. The sorption and length-change isotherms. Journal of Applied Chemistry, 14(2):87-93.

[17]Gallé C, 2001. Effect of drying on cement-based materials pore structure as identified by mercury intrusion porosimetry. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(10):1467-1477.

[18]Habert G, Ouellet-Plamondon C, 2016. Recent update on the environmental impact of geopolymers. RILEM Technical Letters, 1:17-23.

[19]Hagymassy Jr J, Brunauer S, Mikhail RS, 1969. Pore structure analysis by water vapor adsorption: I. t-curves for water vapor. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 29(3):485-491.

[20]Hansen W, 1987. Drying shrinkage mechanisms in Portland cement paste. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 70(5):323-328.

[21]Hardjito D, Wallah SE, Sumajouw DMJ, et al., 2004. On the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Materials Journal, 101(6):467-472.

[22]Hobbs DW, 1971. The dependence of the bulk modulus, Young’s modulus, creep, shrinkage and thermal expansion of concrete upon aggregate volume concentration. Matériaux et Construction, 4(2):107-114.

[23]Huang Y, 2020. Influence of calcium bentonite addition on the compressive strength, efflorescence extent and drying shrinkage of fly-ash based geopolymer mortar. Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society, 79(2):77-82.

[24]Khan I, Xu TF, Castel A, et al., 2019. Risk of early age cracking in geopolymer concrete due to restrained shrinkage. Construction and Building Materials, 229: 116840.

[25]Kong DLY, Sanjayan JG, Sagoe-Crentsil K, 2007. Comparative performance of geopolymers made with metakaolin and fly ash after exposure to elevated temperatures. Cement and Concrete Research, 37(12):1583-1589.

[26]Kriven WM, Bell JL, Gordon M, 2006. Microstructure and microchemistry of fully-reacted geopolymers and geopolymer matrix composites. In: Bansal NP, Singh JP, Kriven WM, et al. (Eds.), Advances in Ceramic Matrix Composites IX, Volume 153. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, USA, p.227-250.

[27]Kuenzel C, Vandeperre LJ, Donatello S, et al., 2012. Ambient temperature drying shrinkage and cracking in metakaolin-based geopolymers. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 95(10):3270-3277.

[28]Kumar A, Ketel S, Vance K, et al., 2014. Water vapor sorption in cementitious materials-measurement, modeling and interpretation. Transport in Porous Media, 103(1):69-98.

[29]Langmuir I, 1918. The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 40(9):1361-1403.

[30]Li ZM, Zhang SZ, Zuo YB, et al., 2019. Chemical deformation of metakaolin based geopolymer. Cement and Concrete Research, 120:108-118.

[31]Ling YF, Wang KJ, Fu CQ, 2019. Shrinkage behavior of fly ash based geopolymer pastes with and without shrinkage reducing admixture. Cement and Concrete Composites, 98:74-82.

[32]Ma HY, 2014. Mercury intrusion porosimetry in concrete technology: tips in measurement, pore structure parameter acquisition and application. Journal of Porous Materials, 21(2):207-215.

[33]Ma Y, Ye G, 2015. The shrinkage of alkali activated fly ash. Cement and Concrete Research, 68:75-82.

[34]MacKenzie JK, 1950. The elastic constants of a solid containing spherical holes. Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section B, 63(1):2-11.

[35]Maitland CF, Buckley CE, O’Connor BH, et al., 2011. Characterization of the pore structure of metakaolin-derived geopolymers by neutron scattering and electron microscopy. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 44(4):697-707.

[36]Mastali M, Kinnunen P, Dalvand A, et al., 2018. Drying shrinkage in alkali-activated binders–a critical review. Construction and Building Materials, 190:533-550.

[37]Mobili A, Belli A, Giosuè C, et al., 2016. Metakaolin and fly ash alkali-activated mortars compared with cementitious mortars at the same strength class. Cement and Concrete Research, 88:198-210.

[38]Mosale Vijayakumar R, 2014. Evaluating Shrinkage of Fly Ash-slag Geopolymers. MS Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champagne, USA.

[39]Nastic M, Bentz EC, Kwon OS, et al., 2019. Shrinkage and creep strains of concrete exposed to low relative humidity and high temperature environments. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 352:110154.

[40]NDRC (National Development and Reform Commission), 2004. Standard Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar, JC/T 603-2004. National Standards of the People’s Republic of China (in Chinese).

[41]Novais RM, Ascensão G, Ferreira N, et al., 2018. Influence of water and aluminium powder content on the properties of waste-containing geopolymer foams. Ceramics International, 44(6):6242-6249.

[42]Panda B, Tan MJ, 2018. Experimental study on mix proportion and fresh properties of fly ash based geopolymer for 3D concrete printing. Ceramics International, 44(9):10258-10265.

[43]Pinson MB, Masoero E, Bonnaud PA, et al., 2015. Hysteresis from multiscale porosity: modeling water sorption and shrinkage in cement paste. Physical Review Applied, 3(6):064009.

[44]Punurai W, Kroehong W, Saptamongkol A, et al., 2018. Mechanical properties, microstructure and drying shrinkage of hybrid fly ash-basalt fiber geopolymer paste. Construction and Building Materials, 186:62-70.

[45]Rahier H, Wastiels J, Biesemans M, et al., 2007. Reaction mechanism, kinetics and high temperature transformations of geopolymers. Journal of Materials Science, 42(9):2982-2996.

[46]Sadat MR, Bringuier S, Asaduzzaman A, et al., 2016. A molecular dynamics study of the role of molecular water on the structure and mechanics of amorphous geopolymer binders. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 145(13):134706.

[47]Si RZ, Dai QL, Guo SC, et al., 2020. Mechanical property, nanopore structure and drying shrinkage of metakaolin-based geopolymer with waste glass powder. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242:118502.

[48]Thokchom S, Ghosh P, Ghosh S, 2009. Effect of water absorption, porosity and sorptivity on durability of geopolymer mortars. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4(7):28-32.

[49]Turner LK, Collins FG, 2013. Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂-e) emissions: a comparison between geopolymer and OPC cement concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 43:125-130.

[50]van Jaarsveld JGS, van Deventer JSJ, Lukey GC, 2002. The effect of composition and temperature on the properties of fly ash-and kaolinite-based geopolymers. Chemical Engineering Journal, 89(1-3):63-73.

[51]Wallah SE, Rangan BV, 2006. Low-calcium Fly Ash-based Geopolymer Concrete: Long-term Properties. Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia.

[52]Wang Q, Zhang CY, Ding ZY, et al., 2010. Research on shrinkage of slag-based geopolymer concrete. Materials Review, 24(10):65-67 (in Chinese).

[53]White CE, Provis JL, Llobet A, et al., 2011. Evolution of local structure in geopolymer gels: an in situ neutron pair distribution function analysis. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 94(10):3532-3539.

[54]Wittmann FH, 1973. Interaction of hardened cement paste and water. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 56(8):409-415.

[55]Xiang JC, Liu LP, Cui XM, et al., 2019. Effect of fuller-fine sand on rheological, drying shrinkage, and microstructural properties of metakaolin-based geopolymer grouting materials. Cement and Concrete Composites, 104: 103381.

[56]Yang T, Zhu HJ, Zhang ZH, 2017. Influence of fly ash on the pore structure and shrinkage characteristics of metakaolin-based geopolymer pastes and mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 153:284-293.

[57]Ye HL, Radlińska A, 2016. A review and comparative study of existing shrinkage prediction models for Portland and non-Portland cementitious materials. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2016:2418219.

[58]Young T, 1832. An essay on the cohesion of fluids. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1:171-172.

[59]Yousefi Oderji S, Chen B, Ahmad MR, et al., 2019. Fresh and hardened properties of one-part fly ash-based geopolymer binders cured at room temperature: effect of slag and alkali activators. Journal of Cleaner Production, 225:1-10.

[60]Zheng L, Wang W, Shi YC, 2010. The effects of alkaline dosage and Si/Al ratio on the immobilization of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash-based geopolymer. Chemosphere, 79(6):665-671.