Similar articles

Abstract: High-strength conductive cu alloys play an essential role in high-speed railways, 5G networks, and power transmission. The compound precipitates of alloying elements such as Cr, Zr, Fe, and Si in cu alloys significantly regulate the microstructure and properties of these alloys. They can ensure that the alloys have high strength without damaging conductivity seriously, which is usually a difficult problem in the development of cu alloys. This paper systematically expounds on the microstructure and concerned factors of compound precipitates in high-strength conductive cu alloys such as Cu-Cr-Zr, Cu-Zr, Cu-Ni-Si, and Cu-Fe-P. In particular, factors affecting the precipitates are summarized from the perspectives of composition and process to guide the regulation of properties. Some new, promising, high-performance cu alloys, including Cu-Co-Si, Cu-Co-Ti, and Cu-Fe-Ti, are described. Finally, we look at the research prospects for precipitation-strengthened cu alloys.

高强度导电铜合金中纳米析出相的研究进展

[1]AtapekŞH, PantelakisS, PolatŞ, et al., 2020. Fatigue behavior of precipitation strengthened Cu-Ni-Si alloy modified by Cr and Zr addition. International Journal of Structural Integrity, 11(6):861-873.

[2]BatawiE, MorrisDG, MorrisMA, 1990. Effect of small alloying additions on behaviour of rapidly solidified Cu-Cr alloys. Materials Science and Technology, 6(9):‍892-899.

[3]BatraIS, LaikA, KaleGB, et al., 2005. Microstructure and properties of a Cu-Ti-Co alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 402(1-2):118-125.

[4]Caldatto DalanF, de Lima AndreaniGF, TravessaDN, et al., 2022. Effect of ECAP processing on distribution of second phase particles, hardness and electrical conductivity of Cu-0.81Cr-0.07Zr alloy. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 32(1):217-232.

[5]CaoGM, ZhangS, ChenJ, et al., 2021. Microstructure and precipitate evolution in Cu-3.2Ni-0.75Si alloy processed by twin-roll strip casting. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 30(2):1318-1329.

[6]ChbihiA, SauvageX, BlavetteD, 2011. Atomic scale investigation of Cr precipitation in Cu and related mechanical properties. Solid State Phenomena, 172-174:291-296.

[7]ChenJQ, SuYH, LiQ, et al., 2021. Recent progress and perspective on copper alloy contact wire for high-speed electrified railways. Modern Transportation and Metallurgical Materials, 1(5):11-16 (in Chinese).

[8]ChenW, HuXN, GuoW, et al., 2019. Effects of C addition on the microstructures of As-cast Cu-Fe-P alloys. Materials, 12(17):2772.

[9]ChengTL, WenYH, 2021. Phase-field model of precipitation processes with coherency loss. NPJ Computational Materials, 7(1):36.

[10]DonosoE, ZúñigaA, DiánezMJ, et al., 2010. Nonisothermal calorimetric study of the precipitation processes in a Cu-1Co-0.5Ti alloy. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 100(3):975-980.

[11]DuYB, ZhouYJ, SongKX, et al., 2020. Investigation of the retained austenite orientation in iron precipitates of martensitic transformation. Materials Letters, 280:128556.

[12]DuYB, ZhouYJ, SongKX, et al., 2021. Zr-containing precipitate evolution and its effect on the mechanical properties of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 14:1451-1458.

[13]FaizovaSN, AksenovDA, FaizovIA, et al., 2021. Unusual kinetics of strain-induced diffusional phase transformations in Cu-Cr-Zr alloy. Letters on Materials, 11(2):218-222.

[14]FengGB, YuFX, ChengJY, et al., 2019. Re-aging behaviour and precipitated phase characteristics of high-performance Cu-Ni-Co-Si alloy. Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment, 40(8):76-83 (in Chinese).

[15]FineME, IsheimD, 2005. Origin of copper precipitation strengthening in steel revisited. Scripta Materialia, 53(1):115-118.

[16]GaoLQ, YangX, ZhangXF, et al., 2019. Aging behavior and phase transformation of the Cu-0.2 wt%Zr-0.15 wt%Y alloy. Vacuum, 159:367-373.

[17]GengYF, LiX, ZhouHL, et al., 2020a. Effect of Ti addition on microstructure evolution and precipitation in Cu-Co-Si alloy during hot deformation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 821:153518.

[18]GengYF, BanYJ, WangBJ, et al., 2020b. A review of microstructure and texture evolution with nanoscale precipitates for copper alloys. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(5):11918-11934.

[19]GotoM, HanSZ, YakushijiT, et al., 2008. International Journal of Fatigue, 30:‍1333-1344.

[20]GotoM, YamamotoT, HanSZ, et al., 2019. Microstructure-dependent fatigue behavior of aged Cu-6Ni-1.5Si alloy with discontinuous/cellular precipitates. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 747:63-72.

[21]GotoM, YamamotoT, HanSZ, et al., 2021. Simultaneous increase in electrical conductivity and fatigue strength of Cu-Ni-Si alloy by utilizing discontinuous precipitates. Materials Letters, 288:129353.

[22]HanLT, LiuJW, TangHG, et al., 2019. Preparation and properties of ultra-fine-grained and nanostructured copper alloy with the addition of P. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 221:322-331.

[23]HanSZ, AhnJH, YouYS, et al., 2018. Discontinuous precipitation at the deformation band in copper alloy. Metals and Materials International, 24(1):23-27.

[24]HatakeyamaM, ToyamaT, NagaiY, et al., 2008. Nanostructural evolution of Cr-rich precipitates in a Cu-Cr-Zr alloy during heat treatment studied by 3 dimensional atom probe. Materials Transactions, 49(3):518-521.

[25]HatakeyamaM, ToyamaT, YangJ, et al., 2009. 3D-AP and positron annihilation study of precipitation behavior in Cu-Cr-Zr alloy. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 386-388:852-855.

[26]HockerS, RappD, SchmauderS, 2017. Molecular dynamics simulations of strengthening due to silver precipitates in copper matrix. Physica Status Solidi (B), 254(5):1600479.

[27]HolzwarthU, StammH, 2000. The precipitation behaviour of ITER-grade Cu-Cr-Zr alloy after simulating the thermal cycle of hot isostatic pressing. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 279(1):31-45.

[28]HuT, ChenJH, LiuJZ, et al., 2013. The crystallographic and morphological evolution of the strengthening precipitates in Cu-Ni-Si alloys. Acta Materialia, 61(4):1210-1219.

[29]IzawaK, OzawaA, KitaK, et al., 2014. Influence of Co on strength and microstructure of Cu-Ni-Co-Si alloy. Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan, 63(5):‍401-408 (in Japanese).

[30]JhaK, NeogyS, KumarS, et al., 2021. Correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties in the age-hardenable Cu-Cr-Zr alloy. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 546:152775.

[31]JiaSG, LiuP, RenFZ, et al., 2007. Sliding wear behavior of copper alloy contact wire against copper-based strip for high-speed electrified railways. Wear, 262(7-8):772-777.

[32]JiangL, FuHD, WangCS, et al., 2020. Enhanced mechanical and electrical properties of a Cu-Ni-Si alloy by thermo-mechanical processing. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 51(1):331-341.

[33]KawakatsuI, SuzukiH, KitanoH, 1967. Properties of high Zr, Cu-Zr-Cr alloys and the phase diagram at the Cu-rich corner. Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals and Materials, 31:1253-1257.

[34]KermajaniM, RayganS, HanayiK, et al., 2013. Influence of thermomechanical treatment on microstructure and properties of electroslag remelted Cu-Cr-Zr alloy. Materials & Design, 51:688-694.

[35]KimY, LeeK, ChoYH, et al., 2016. Fatigue safety evaluation of newly developed contact wire for eco-friendly high speed electric railway system considering wear. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 3(4):353-358.

[36]KrupińskaB, RdzawskiZ, KrupińskiM, et al., 2020. Precipitation strengthening of Cu-Ni-Si alloy. Materials, 13(5):1182.

[37]LaiZM, MaiYJ, SongHY, et al., 2022. Heterogeneous microstructure enables a synergy of strength, ductility and electrical conductivity in copper alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 902:163646.

[38]LeiCH, YangHY, ZhaoF, et al., 2021. Effect of Co addition on hardness and electrical conductivity of Cu-Si alloys. Journal of Materials Science, 56(26):14821-14831.

[39]LiJ, HuangGJ, MiXJ, et al., 2019. Influence of the Ni/Co mass ratio on the microstructure and properties of quaternary Cu-Ni-Co-Si alloys. Materials, 12(18):2855.

[40]LiuY, LiuXL, TianBH, 2011. Residual stresses distribution calculation of the Cu-Cr-Zr alloy contact wire used in high-speed electrical railway. Advanced Materials Research, 189-193:2076-2080.

[41]LiuYL, ZhouP, LiuSH, et al., 2017. Experimental investigation and thermodynamic description of the Cu-Cr-Zr system. Calphad, 59:1-11.

[42]LockyerSA, NobleFW, 1994. Precipitate structure in a Cu-Ni-Si alloy. Journal of Materials Science, 29(1):218-226.

[43]LongYQ, LiuP, LiuY, et al., 2011. First-principle investigation of the structural stability and electronic property of precipitates on the Cu-rich side of Cu-Ni-Si alloys. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Science), 16(3):‍266-271.

[44]LouMYW, GrantNJ, 1984. Identification of CuSu₅Zr phase in Cu-Zr alloys. Metallurgical Transactions A, 15(7):‍1491-1493.

[45]MineauL, Hamar-ThibaultSJ, AllibertCH, 1993. Precipitation in Cu-rich Cu-Fe-Ti ternary alloys—a continuous process? Physica Status Solidi (A), 137(1):87-100.

[46]NagaiT, HenmiZ, SakamotoT, et al., 1973. Effect of precipitates on recrystallisation temperature in Cu-Cr, Cu-Zr and Cu-Zr-Cr alloys. Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals, 14(6):462-469.

[47]NagarjunaS, BalasubramanianK, SarmaDS, 1997. Effect of prior cold work on mechanical properties and structure of an age-hardened Cu-1.5wt% Ti alloy. Journal of Materials Science, 32(13):3375-3385.

[48]NagarjunaS, BalasubramanianK, SarmaDS, 1999. Effect of prior cold work on mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and microstructure of aged Cu-Ti alloys. Journal of Materials Science, 34(12):2929-2942.

[49]NagarjunaS, SharmaKK, SudhakarI, et al., 2001. Age hardening studies in a Cu-4.5Ti-0.5Co alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 313(1-2):251-260.

[50]OkamotoH, 2012. Cu-Zr (copper-zirconium). Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion, 33(5):417-418.

[51]PanXX, JiangHC, FengH, et al., 2021. Evolution of precipitated phases in high strength and high electrical conductivity Cu-Cr-Zr alloy during aging. Heat Treatment of Metals, 46(7):7-12 (in Chinese).

[52]PapaefthymiouS, BouzouniM, GavalasE, 2018. Theoretical study of particle dissolution during homogenization in Cu-Fe-P alloy. Metals, 8(6):455.

[53]PengHC, XieWB, ChenHM, et al., 2021. Effect of micro-alloying element Ti on mechanical properties of Cu-Cr alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 852:157004.

[54]PengLJ, MiXJ, XiongBQ, et al., 2015a. Microstructure of phases in a Cu-Zr alloy. Rare Metals, 34(10):706-709.

[55]PengLJ, XieHF, HuangGJ, et al., 2015b. The phase transformation and its effects on properties of a Cu-0.12wt% Zr alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 633:‍28-34.

[56]RaghavanV, 1998. Cu-Fe-P (Copper-Iron-Phosphorus). Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion, 19(3):283-284.

[57]RaghavanV, 2009. Fe-Ti-Y (iron-titanium-yttrium). Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion, 30(4):397.

[58]SalvanC, BriottetL, BaffieT, et al., 2021. CuCrZr alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion: microstructure, nanoscale strengthening mechanisms, electrical and mechanical properties. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 826:141915.

[59]SarinVK, GrantNJ, 1979. Effect of thermomechanical treatments on powder metallurgy Cu-Zr and Cu-Zr-Cr alloys. Powder Metallurgy International, 11(4):153-157.

[60]SemboshiS, SatoS, IwaseA, et al., 2016. Discontinuous precipitates in age-hardening Cu-Ni-Si alloys. Materials Characterization, 115:39-45.

[61]ShanginaDV, BochvarNR, MorozovaAI, et al., 2017. Effect of chromium and zirconium content on structure, strength and electrical conductivity of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys after high pressure torsion. Materials Letters, 199:46-49.

[62]SzajewskiBA, CroneJC, KnapJ, 2020. Analytic model for the Orowan dislocation-precipitate bypass mechanism. Materialia, 11:100671.

[63]SzajewskiBA, CroneJC, KnapJ, 2021. Dislocation precipitate bypass through elastically mismatched precipitates. Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, 29(2):025005.

[64]van der StratenPJM, BastinGF, van LooFJJ, et al., 1976. Phase equilibria and interdiffusion in the cobalt-titanium system/phasengleichgewichte und diffusion im system kobalt-titan. International Journal of Materials Research, 67(3):152-157.

[65]VinogradovA, PatlanV, SuzukiY, et al., 2002. Structure and properties of ultra-fine grain Cu-Cr-Zr alloy produced by equal-channel angular pressing. Acta Materialia, 50(7):1639-1651.

[66]WangJF, ChenJS, GuoCJ, et al., 2020. Low cycle fatigue behavior of precipitation-strengthened Cu-Cr-Zr contact wires. International Journal of Fatigue, 137:105642.

[67]WangL, MartinD, ChenWY, et al., 2021. Effect of sink strength on coherency loss of precipitates in dilute Cu-base alloys during in situ ion irradiation. Acta Materialia, 210:116812.

[68]WangQJ, LiuF, DuZZ, et al., 2013. Hot-compression deformation behavior of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, 37(5):687-694 (in Chinese).

[69]WangW, GuoEY, ChenZN, et al., 2018. Correlation between microstructures and mechanical properties of cryorolled CuNiSi alloys with Cr and Zr alloying. Materials Characterization, 144:532-546.

[70]WangYP, FuRD, LiYJ, et al., 2019. A high strength and high electrical conductivity Cu-Cr-Zr alloy fabricated by cryogenic friction stir processing and subsequent annealing treatment. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 755:166-169.

[71]WatanabeC, MonzenR, TazakiK, 2008. Mechanical properties of Cu-Cr system alloys with and without Zr and Ag. Journal of Materials Science, 43(3):813-819.

[72]WegenerT, KoopmannJ, RichterJ, et al., 2021. CuCrZr processed by laser powder bed fusion—processability and influence of heat treatment on electrical conductivity, microstructure and mechanical properties. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, 44(9):‍2570-2590.

[73]XiaoJH, YanZQ, ShiJ, et al., 2022. Effects of wheel-rail impact on the fatigue performance of fastening clips in rail joint area of high-speed railway. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 26(1):120-130.

[74]XiaoXP, XuH, ChenJS, et al., 2019. Coarsening behavior of (Ni, Co)₂Si particles in Cu-Ni-Co-Si alloy during aging treatment. Rare Metals, 38(11):1062-1069.

[75]XieH, JiaL, TaoSP, et al., 2020. Regulation of Ni–Si intermetallics in Cu-Ni-Si alloys and its influence on electrical breakdown properties. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 31(4):3137-3145.

[76]YanM, WuYC, ChenJC, et al., 2011. Microstructure evolution in preparation of Cu-Sn contact wire for high-speed railway. Advanced Materials Research, 415-417:446-451. https://doi.‍org/10.4028/www.‍scientific.‍net/AMR.‍415-417.446

[77]YangHY, MaZC, LeiCH, et al., 2020. High strength and high conductivity Cu alloys: a review. Science China Technological Sciences, 63(12):2505-2517.

[78]YangHY, BuYQ, WuJM, et al., 2021a. CoTi precipitates: the key to high strength, high conductivity and good softening resistance in Cu-Co-Ti alloy. Materials Characterization, 176:111099.

[79]YangHY, LiKQ, BuYQ, et al., 2021b. Nanoprecipitates induced dislocation pinning and multiplication strategy for designing high strength, plasticity and conductivity Cu alloys. Scripta Materialia, 195:113741.

[80]YangHY, BuYQ, WuJM, et al., 2022. Nanocompound-induced anti-softening mechanisms: application to CuCr alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 841:143038.

[81]YangY, WangL, SneadL, et al., 2018. Development of novel Cu-Cr-Nb-Zr alloys with the aid of computational thermodynamics. Materials & Design, 156:370-380.

[82]ZaitsevAI, ZaitsevaNE, AlexeevaJP, et al., 2003. Thermodynamics and amorphization of the copper‍–‍zirconium alloys. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 5(19):4185-4196.

[83]ZengKJ, HämäläinenM, 1995. A theoretical study of the phase equilibria in the Cu-Cr-Zr system. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 220(1-2):53-61.

[84]ZhangJL, LuZL, JiaL, et al., 2019. Hot deformation behavior of Cu-Ni-Si alloy at elevated temperature. Materials Research Express, 6(8):086590.

[85]ZhangY, LuMM, HuYY, et al., 2014. Development and study of Cu-Ni-Si alloy for lead frame. Shanghai Nonferrous Metals, 35(4):177-182 (in Chinese).

[86]ZhangY, SunHL, VolinskyAA, et al., 2017. Small Y addition effects on hot deformation behavior of copper-matrix alloys. Advanced Engineering Materials, 19(12):1700197.

[87]ZhangZC, WangRC, PengCQ, et al., 2021. Effect of elevated-temperature annealing on microstructureand properties of Cu-0.15Zr alloy. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 31(12):3772-3784.

[88]ZhaoDM, DongQM, LiuP, et al., 2003a. Aging behavior of Cu-Ni-Si alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 361(1-2):93-99.

[89]ZhaoDM, DongQM, LiuP, et al., 2003b. Structure and strength of the age hardened Cu-Ni-Si alloy. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 79(1):81-86.

[90]ZhaoF, LeiCH, ZhaoQK, et al., 2022. Predicting the property contour-map and optimum composition of Cu-Co-Si alloys via machine learning. Materials Today Communications, 30:103138.

[91]ZhaoQK, YangHY, LiuJB, et al., 2021. Machine learning-assisted discovery of strong and conductive Cu alloys: data mining from discarded experiments and physical features. Materials & Design, 197:109248.

[92]ZhaoZ, ZhangY, TianBH, et al., 2019. Co effects on Cu-Ni-Si alloys microstructure and physical properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 797:1327-1337.

[93]ZhouM, PengYH, AnL, 2022. Technical advances, innovation and challenges of developing high-speed rail in China. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Civil Engineering, 175(2):79-86.

[94]ZhouSH, NapolitanoRE, 2010. Phase stability for the Cu-Zr system: first-principles, experiments and solution-based modeling. Acta Materialia, 58(6):2186-2196.

[95]ZhuJ, LinY, LiuS, et al., 2021. Electropulsing aging treatment of Cu-Ni-Si sheet for microforming. Advanced Engineering Materials, 23(8):2100249.

[96]ZouJ, LuL, LuDP, et al., 2016. Effect of boron and cerium on corrosion resistance of Cu-Fe-P alloy. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 25(3):‍1062-1067.