Similar articles

Abstract: astaxanthin (AST), a carotenoid molecule extensively found in marine organisms and increasingly used as a dietary supplement, has been reported to have beneficial effects against oxidative stress. In the current paper, the effects of AST on viability of prostate cells were investigated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay; cell apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were determined by flow cytometry; the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was measured by fluorospectrophotometer; and activities of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were evaluated by a detection kit. The results show that copper ion (Cu²⁺) induced apoptosis, along with the accumulation of intracellular ROS and MDA, in both prostate cell lines (RWPE-1 and PC-3). AST treatments could decrease the MDA levels, increase MMP, and keep ROS stable in RWPE-1 cell line. An addition of AST decreased the SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT activities in PC-3 cell line treated with Cu²⁺, but had a contrary reaction in RWPE-1 cell lines. In conclusion, AST could contribute to protecting RWPE-1 cells against Cu²⁺-induced injuries but could cause damage to the antioxidant enzyme system in PC-3 cells.

虾青素对铜离子诱导的前列腺细胞氧化损伤的影响

[1]Adler, V., Yin, Z., Tew, K.D., et al., 1999. Role of redox potential and reactive oxygen species in stress signaling. Oncogene, 18(45):6104-6111.

[2]Ambati, R.R., Phang, S.M., Ravi, S., et al., 2014. Astaxanthin: sources, extraction, stability, biological activities and its commercial applications—a review. Mar. Drugs, 12(1):128-152.

[3]Auten, R.L., Davis, J.M., 2009. Oxygen toxicity and reactive oxygen species: the devil is in the details. Pediatr. Res., 66(2):121-127.

[4]Banci, L., Bertini, I., Cantini, F., et al., 2010. Cellular copper distribution: a mechanistic systems biology approach. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 67(15):2563-2589.

[5]Barros, M.P., Poppe, S.C., Bondan, E.F., 2014. Neuroprotective properties of the marine carotenoid astaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids, and perspectives for the natural combination of both in krill oil. Nutrients, 6(3):1293-1317.

[6]Basu, H.S., Thompson, T.A., Church, D.R., et al., 2009. A small molecule polyamine oxidase inhibitor blocks androgen-induced oxidative stress and delays prostate cancer progression in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model. Cancer Res., 69(19):7689-7695.

[7]Brawek, B., Lӧffler, M., Wagner, K., et al., 2010. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the human neocortex: role of aging and cognition. Brain Res. Bull., 81(4-5):484-490.

[8]de Feo, C.J., Aller, S.G., Siluvai, G.S., et al., 2009. Three-dimensional structure of the human copper transporter hCTR1. PNAS, 106(11):4237-4242.

[9]de Haan, J.B., Cristiano, F., Iannello, R., et al., 1996. Elevation in the ratio of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase to glutathione peroxidase activity induces features of cellular senescence and this effect is mediated by hydrogen peroxide. Hum. Mol. Genet., 5(2):283-292.

[10]Dröge, W., 2002. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol. Rev., 82(1):47-95.

[11]Fassett, R.G., Coombes, J.S., 2009. Astaxanthin, oxidative stress, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Future Cardiol., 5(4):333-342.

[12]Festa, R.A., Thiele, D.J., 2011. Copper: an essential metal in biology. Curr. Biol., 21(21):R877-R883.

[13]Frohlich, D.A., McCabe, M.T., Arnold, R.S., et al., 2008. The role of Nrf2 in increased reactive oxygen species and DNA damage in prostate tumorigenesis. Oncogene, 27(31):4353-4362.

[14]Haas, K.L., Putterman, A.B., White, D.R., et al., 2011. Model peptides provide new insights into the role of histidine residues as potential ligands in human cellular copper acquisition via Ctr1. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133(12):4427-4437.

[15]Kim, B.E., Nevitt, T., Thiele, D.J., 2008. Mechanisms for copper acquisition, distribution and regulation. Nat. Chem. Biol., 4(3):176-185.

[16]Kimura, M., Iida, M., Yamauchi, H., et al., 2014. Astaxanthin supplementation effects on adipocyte size and lipid profile in OLETF rats with hyperphagia and visceral fat accumulation. J. Funct. Foods, 11:114-120.

[17]Kuroki, M., Voest, E.E., Amano, S., et al., 1996. Reactive oxygen intermediates increase vascular endothelial growth factor expression in vitro and in vivo. J. Clin. Invest., 98(7):1667.

[18]Linder, M.C., 2012. The relationship of copper to DNA damage and damage prevention in humans. Mutat. Res., 733(1-2):83-91.

[19]Liu, X., Osawa, T., 2009. Astaxanthin protects neuronal cells against oxidative damage and is a potent candidate for brain food. In: Yoshikawa, T. (Ed.), Food Factors for Health Promotion. Forum of Nutrition, Karger, Basel, Vol. 61, p.129-135.

[20]Ma, L., Li, X., Wang, Y., et al., 2014. Cu(II) inhibits hIAPP fibrillation and promotes hIAPP-induced beta cell apoptosis through induction of ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. J. Inorg. Biochem., 140:143-152.

[21]Maltepe, E., Saugstad, O.D., 2009. Oxygen in health and disease: regulation of oxygen homeostasis-clinical implications. Pediatr. Res., 65(3):261-268.

[22]Mira, L., Tereza Fernandez, M., Santos, M., et al., 2002. Interactions of flavonoids with iron and copper ions: a mechanism for their antioxidant activity. Free Radic. Res., 36(11):1199-1208.

[23]Montezano, A.C., Touyz, R.M., 2012. Molecular mechanisms of hypertension—reactive oxygen species and antioxidants: a basic science update for the clinician. Can. J. Cardiol., 28(3):288-295.

[24]Murphy, A., Taiz, L., 1997. Correlation between potassium efflux and copper sensitivity in 10 Arahidopsis ecotypes. New Phytol., 136(2):211-222.

[25]Ohgami, K., Shiratori, K., Kotake, S., et al., 2003. Effects of astaxanthin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 44(6):2694-2701.

[26]Paschos, A., Pandya, R., Duivenvoorden, W.C.M., et al., 2013. Oxidative stress in prostate cancer: changing research concepts towards a novel paradigm for prevention and therapeutics. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis., 16(3):217-225.

[27]Pashkow, F.J., Watumull, D.G., Campbell, C.L., 2008. Astaxanthin: a novel potential treatment for oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Cardiol., 101(10):S58-S68.

[28]Preuss, H.G., Echard, B., Bagchi, D., et al., 2009. Astaxanthin lowers blood pressure and lessens the activity of the renin-angiotensin system in Zucker Fatty Rats. J. Funct. Foods, 1(1):13-22.

[29]Rajeshkumar, R.K., Vennila, R., Karthikeyan, S., et al., 2015. Antiproliferative activity of marine stingray Dasyatis sephen venom on human cervical carcinoma cell line. J. Venomous Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis., 21:41.

[30]Ripple, M.O., Wilding, G., Henry, W.F., et al., 1997. Prooxidant-antioxidant shift induced by androgen treatment of human prostate carcinoma cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 89(1):40-48.

[31]Rodríguez-Sureda, V., Vilches, Á., Sánchez, O., et al., 2015. Intracellular oxidant activity, antioxidant enzyme defense system, and cell senescence in fibroblasts with trisomy 21. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2015:509241.

[32]Rosenzweig, A.C., O'Halloran, T.V., 2000. Structure and chemistry of the copper chaperone proteins. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 4(2):140-147.

[33]Saha, N.R., Usami, T., Suzuki, Y., 2003. A double staining flow cytometric assay for the detection of steroid induced apoptotic leucocytes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Dev. Comp. Immunol., 27(5):351-363.

[34]Schewe, T., 2002. 15-Lipoxygenase-1: a prooxidant enzyme. Biol. Chem., 383(3-4):365-374.

[35]Shen, Y.Z., 2014. Biological behaviors of prostate cells with PUFAs supplementation. MS Thesis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (in Chinese).

[36]Sies, H., 1985. Oxidative stress: introductory remarks. In: Sies, H. (Ed.), Oxidative Stress. Academic Press, London, p.1-8.

[37]Sun, X.Y., Donald, S.P., Phang, J.M., 2001. Testosterone and prostate specific antigen stimulate generation of reactive oxygen species in prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis, 22(11):1775-1780.

[38]Tam, N.N.C., Gao, Y., Leung, Y.K., et al., 2003. Androgenic regulation of oxidative stress in the rat prostate: involvement of NAD(P)H oxidases and antioxidant defense machinery during prostatic involution and regrowth. Am. J. Pathol., 163(6):2513-2522.

[39]Wang, J.Y., Lee, Y.J., Chou, M.C., et al., 2015. Astaxanthin protects steroidogenesis from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in mouse Leydig cells. Mar. Drugs, 13(3):1375-1388.

[40]Winterbourn, C.C., 2008. Reconciling the chemistry and biology of reactive oxygen species. Nat. Chem. Biol., 4(5):278-286.

[41]Yang, D.J., Lin, J.T., Chen, Y.C., et al., 2013. Suppressive effect of carotenoid extract of Dunaliella salina alga on production of LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW264. 7 cells via NF-κB and JNK inactivation. J. Funct. Foods, 5(2):607-615.

[42]Zhang, Y., Wang, W., Hao, C., et al., 2015. Astaxanthin protects PC12 cells from glutamate-induced neurotoxicity through multiple signaling pathways. J. Funct. Foods, 16:137-151.