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On-line Access: 2026-03-30

Received: 2025-11-14

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Reversible data hiding in encrypted domain based on NTRU and Chinese remainder theorem


Author(s):  Xinyue ZHANG, Kunyi LAI, Xin TANG

Affiliation(s):  School of Cyber Science and Engineering, University of International Relations, Beijing 100091, China

Corresponding email(s):  Xin TANG, xtang@uir.edu.cn

Key Words:  Reversible data hiding; NTRU cryptosystem; Chinese remainder theorem (CRT); Multichannel


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Xinyue ZHANG, Kunyi LAI, Xin TANG. Reversible data hiding in encrypted domain based on NTRU and Chinese remainder theorem[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University Science ,in press.Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering,in press.https://doi.org/10.1631/ENG.ITEE.2025.0138

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Abstract: 
Reversible data hiding in the encrypted domain (RDH-ED) based on homomorphic encryption provides a promising approach for privacy-preserving data sharing, yet existing methods based on the Nth-degree truncated polynomial ring unit (NTRU) face a fundamental conflict between embedding capacity and reversibility, often requiring preprocessing of plaintext, which in turn compromises randomness of the ciphertext obtained. To address these issues, a novel RDH-ED scheme integrating the Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) with the NTRU cryptosystem is proposed in this study. The proposed scheme operates without any preprocessing of the plaintext and constructs multichannel redundancy in the ciphertext domain, thereby fully preserving the original polynomial structure of the plaintext. By employing a CRT-based encoding, multiple bits of information are enabled to be carried by a single polynomial coeffcient, achieving an embedding capacity of 503 bits per polynomial with moderate-sized parameters. Moreover, the embedded data can be extracted before decryption via pre-negotiated coprime parameters, ofering greater operational flexibility. Rigorous mathematical constraints ensure that the redundancy term is automatically eliminated during decryption, thereby guaranteeing lossless recovery of the original content. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves a substantially higher embedding capacity compared to predominant RDH-ED methods based on NTRU, Paillier, and ElGamal cryptosystems, without compromising security or effciency.

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