Abstract: Crypthecodinium cohnii (dinoflagellate) and Schizochytrium sp. (thraustochytrid) are the main sources for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water fractions of alcohol aqueous extracts of these two microalgae and to provide a theoretical basis for comprehensive utilization. The antioxidant activity was determined by total antioxidant capacity (TAC) determination, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, ferrous ion-chelating ability (FICA) assay, and reducing power (RP) assay. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were also measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu and spectrophotometry methods, respectively. The results indicated that the extracts from these two microalgae possessed good antioxidant capacity. Analysis showed that most antioxidant performance indicators (TAC, DPPH, and RP) were positively correlated with the TPC of the extracts, suggesting that the phenolics might be the major components in C. cohnii and Schizochytrium sp., contributing to their antioxidative function. Therefore, the polar fractions of C. cohnii and Schizochytrium sp. could be further examined and considered for application in health products or cosmetics.

隐甲藻和裂殖壶藻醇水提物不同极性萃取物的抗氧化活性研究

[1]Alam, M.N., Bristi, N.J., Rafiquzzaman, M., 2013. Review on in vivo and in vitro methods evaluation of antioxidant activity. Saudi Pharm. J., 21(2):143-152.

[2]Beam, C.A., Himes, M., 1982. Distribution of members of the Crypthecodinium cohnii (Dinophyceae) species complex. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 29(1):8-15.

[3]Carocho, M., Ferreira, I.C., 2013. A review on antioxidants, prooxidants and related controversy: natural and synthetic compounds, screening and analysis methodologies and future perspectives. Food Chem. Toxicol., 51:15-25.

[4]Cheok, C.Y., Salman, H.A.K., Sulaiman, R., 2014. Extraction and quantification of saponins: a review. Food Res. Int., 59:16-40.

[5]Choochote, W., Suklampoo, L., Ochaikul, D., 2014. Evaluation of antioxidant capacities of green microalgae. J. Appl. Phycol., 26(1):43-48.

[6]Encarnação, T., Pais, A.A., Campos, M.G., et al., 2015. Cyanobacteria and microalgae: a renewable source of bioactive compounds and other chemicals. Sci. Prog., 98(2):145-168.

[7]Fedorova-Dahms, I., Marone, P.A., Bauter, M., et al., 2011. Safety evaluation of DHA-rich Algal Oil from Schizochytrium sp. Food Chem. Toxicol., 49(12):3310-3318.

[8]Fedorova-Dahms, I., Thorsrud, B.A., Bailey, E., et al., 2014. A 3-week dietary bioequivalence study in preweaning farm piglets of two sources of docosahexaenoic acid produced from two different organisms. Food Chem. Toxicol., 65: 43-51.

[9]Gaffney, M., O'Rourke, R., Murphy, R., 2014. Manipulation of fatty acid and antioxidant profiles of the microalgae Schizochytrium sp. through flaxseed oil supplementation. Algal Res., 6B:195-200.

[10]Ganuza, E., Benítez-Santana, T., Atalah, E., et al., 2008. Crypthecodinium cohnii and Schizochytrium sp. as potential substitutes to fisheries-derived oils from seabream (Sparus aurata) microdiets. Aquaculture, 277(1-2):109-116.

[11]Gong, Y., Liu, J., Jiang, M., et al., 2015. Improvement of omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid production by marine dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii using rapeseed meal hydrolysate and waste molasses as feedstock. PLoS ONE, 10(5):e0125368.

[12]Guo, D.S., Ji, X.J., Ren, L.J., et al., 2016. Development of a real-time bioprocess monitoring method for docosahexaenoic acid production by Schizochytrium sp. Bioresour. Technol., 216:422-427.

[13]Hajimahmoodi, M., Faramarzi, M.A., Mohammadi, N., et al., 2010. Evaluation of antioxidant properties and total phenolic contents of some strains of microalgae. J. Appl. Phycol., 22(1):43-50.

[14]Hillig, F., Pilarek, M., Junne, S., et al., 2013. Cultivation of marine microorganisms in single-use systems. In: Eibl, D., Eibl, R. (Eds.), Disposable Bioreactors II. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, Vol. 138. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, p.179-206.

[15]Kasala, E.R., Bodduluru, L.N., Barua, C.C., et al., 2016. Antioxidant and antitumor efficacy of Luteolin, a dietary flavone on benzo(a)pyrene-induced experimental lung carcinogenesis. Biomed. Pharmacother., 82:568-577.

[16]Khozin-Goldberg, I., Leu, S., Boussiba, S., 2016. Microalgae as a source for VLC-PUFA production. In: Nakamura, Y., Li-Beisson, Y. (Eds.), Lipids in Plant and Algae Development. Subcellular Biochemistry, Vol. 86. Springer, Cham, p.471-510.

[17]Lewis, K.D., Huang, W.F., Zhang, X.H., et al., 2016. Toxicological evaluation of arachidonic acid (ARA)-rich oil and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich oil. Food Chem. Toxicol., 96(25):133-144.

[18]Li, H.B., Cheng, K.W., Wong, C.C., et al., 2007. Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of different fractions of selected microalgae. Food Chem., 102(3):771-776.

[19]Li, M.H., Robinson, E.H., Tucke, C.S., et al., 2009. Effects of dried algae Schizochytrium sp., a rich source of docosahexaenoic acid, on growth, fatty acid composition, and sensory quality of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Aquaculture, 292(3-4):232-236.

[20]Li, N., Shi, J., Wang, K., 2014. Profile and antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts from 10 crabapples (Malus wild species). J. Agric. Food Chem., 62(3):574-581.

[21]Ling, X., Guo, J., Liu, X., et al., 2015. Impact of carbon and nitrogen feeding strategy on high production of biomass and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by Schizochytrium sp. LU310. Bioresour. Technol., 184:139-147.

[22]Lippmeier, J.C., Crawford, K.S., Owen, C.B., et al., 2009. Characterization of both polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathways in Schizochytrium sp. Lipids, 44(7):621-630.

[23]López-Alarcón, C., Denicola, A., 2013. Evaluating the antioxidant capacity of natural products: a review on chemical and cellular-based assays. Anal. Chim. Acta, 763:1-10.

[24]Luo, X., Su, P., Zhang, W., 2015. Advances in microalgae-derived phytosterols for functional food and pharmaceutical applications. Mar. Drugs, 13(7):4231-4254.

[25]Lv, J.W., Yang, X.Q., Li, L.H., 2014. Antioxidant activity and chemical constituents of microalgae oil of Schizochytrium aggregatum. Adv. Mater. Res., 919-921:2022-2029.

[26]Narwal, S., Thakur, V., Sheoran, S., et al., 2014. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of the Indian wheat varieties. J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol., 23(1):11-17.

[27]O'Brien, P., Carrasco-Pozo, C., Speisky, H., 2006. Boldine and its antioxidant or health-promoting properties. Chem.-Biol. Interact., 159(1):1-17.

[28]Pan, Y., Zhu, J., Wang, H., et al., 2007. Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Cortex fraxini and use in peanut oil. Food Chem., 103(3):913-918.

[29]Pleissner, D., Eriksen, N.T., 2012. Effects of phosphorous, nitrogen, and carbon limitation on biomass composition in batch and continuous flow cultures of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 109(8):2005-2016.

[30]Podsędek, A., 2007. Natural antioxidants and antioxidant capacity of Brassica vegetables: a review. LWT-Food Sci. Technol., 40(1):1-11.

[31]Saeed, N., Khan, M.R., Shabbir, M., 2012. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of whole plant extracts Torilis leptophylla L. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 12(1):221.

[32]Safafar, H., van Wagenen, J., Moller, P., et al., 2015. Carotenoids, phenolic compounds and tocopherols contribute to the antioxidative properties of some microalgae species grown on industrial wastewater. Mar. Drugs, 13(12):7339-7356.

[33]Salem, N.Jr., Eggersdorfer, M., 2015. Is the world supply of omega-3 fatty acids adequate for optimal human nutrition? Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 18(2):147-154.

[34]Samaranayaka, A.G., Li-Chan, E.C., 2011. Food-derived peptidic antioxidants: a review of their production, assessment, and potential applications. J. Funct. Foods, 3(4):229-254.

[35]Schiavone, A., Chiarini, R., Marzoni, M., et al., 2007. Breast meat traits of Muscovy ducks fed on a microalga (Crypthecodinium cohnii) meal supplemented diet. Brit. Poultry Sci., 48(5):573-579.

[36]Singh, P., Baranwal, M., Reddy, S.M., 2016. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of carotenes produced by Dunaliella salina under stress. Pharm. Biol., 54(10):2269-2275.

[37]Sugamura, K., Keaney, J.F.Jr., 2011. Reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 51(5):978-992.

[38]Venuste, M., Zhang, X., Shoemaker, C.F., et al., 2013. Influence of enzymatic hydrolysis and enzyme type on the nutritional and antioxidant properties of pumpkin meal hydrolysates. Food Funct., 4(5):811-820.

[39]Wu, J.Q., Kosten, T.R., Zhang, X.Y., 2013. Free radicals, antioxidant defense systems, and schizophrenia. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 46(1):200-206.

[40]Wu, X., Wu, F., Tong, X., et al., 2013. Emergy-based sustainability assessment of an integrated production system of cattle, biogas, and greenhouse vegetables: insight into the comprehensive utilization of wastes on a large-scale farm in Northwest China. Ecol. Eng., 61(Part A):335-344.

[41]Ying, L., Kong, D., Gao, Y.Y., et al., 2017. In vitro antioxidant activity of phenolic-enriched extracts from Zhangping Narcissus tea cake and their inhibition on growth and metastatic capacity of 4T1 murine breast cancer cells. J. Zhejiang Univ.-Sci. B (Biomed. & Biotechnol.), in press.

[42]Zeng, W.C., Zhang, Z., Jia, L.R., 2014. Antioxidant activity and characterization of antioxidant polysaccharides from pine needle (Cedrus deodara). Carbohydr. Polym., 108: 58-64.