Similar articles

Abstract: In this paper we introduce a novel energy-aware routing protocol REPU (reliable, efficient with path update), which provides reliability and energy efficiency in data delivery. REPU utilizes the residual energy available in the nodes and the received signal strength of the nodes to identify the best possible route to the destination. Reliability is achieved by selecting a number of intermediate nodes as waypoints and the route is divided into smaller segments by the waypoints. One distinct advantage of this model is that when a node on the route moves out or fails, instead of discarding the whole original route, only the two waypoint nodes of the broken segment are used to find a new path. REPU outperforms traditional schemes by establishing an energy-efficient path and also takes care of efficient route maintenance. Simulation results show that this routing scheme achieves much higher performance than the classical routing protocols, even in the presence of high node density, and overcomes simultaneous packet forwarding.

[1] Akkaya, K., Younis, M., 2005. A survey of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Elsev. Ad Hoc Network J., 3(3):325-349.

[2] Akyildiz, I., Su, W., Sankarasubramaniam, Y., Cayirci, E., 2002. A survey on sensor networks. IEEE Commun. Mag., 40(8):102-114.

[3] Al-Karaki, J.N., Kamal, A.E., 2004. Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: a survey. IEEE Pers. Commun., 11(6):6-28.

[4] Amato, G., Chessa, S., Conforti, F., Macerata, A., Marchesi, C., 2005. Health Care Monitoring of Mobile Patients. ERCIM News. Available at http://www.ercim.org/publication/Ercim_News/enw60/amato.html

[5] Bahl, P., Padmanabhan, V.N., 2000. RADAR: An In-building RF-based User Location and Tracking System. Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Tel Aviv, Israel, p.775-784.

[6] Cardell-Oliver, R., Smettem, K., Kranz, M., Mayer, K., 2004. Field Testing a Wireless Sensor Network for Reactive Environmental Monitoring. Proc. Int. Conf. on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing, Melbourne, Australia p.7-12.

[7] Cerpa, A., Elson, J., Estrin, D., Girod, L., Hamilton, M., Zhao, J., 2001. Habitat Monitoring: Application Driver for Wireless Communications Technology. Proc. ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Data Communication in Latin America and the Caribbean, Costa Rica, p.20-41.

[8] Deb, B., Bhatnagar, S., Nath, B., 2003. ReInForM: Reliable Information Forwarding Using Multiple Paths in Sensor Networks. Proc. 28th Annual IEEE Int. Conf. on Local Computer Networks, Bonn/Königswinter, Germany, p.406-415.

[9] Delin, K.A., Harvey, R.P., Chabot, N.A., Jackson, S.P., Adams, M., Johnson, D.W., Britton, J.T., 2003. Sensor Web in Antarctica: Developing an Intelligent, Autonomous Platform for Locating Biological Flourishes in Cryogenic Environments. Proc. 34th Lunar and Planetary Science Conf., League City, Texas, p.1929-1930.

[10] Demirbas, M., Chow, K.Y., Wan, C.S., 2006. INSIGHT: Internet-sensor Integration for Habitat Monitoring. Proc. Int. Symp. on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, Taormina, Italy, p.20-29.

[11] Dulaman, S., Nieberg, T., Wu, J., Havinga, P., 2003. Trade-off between traffic overhead and reliability in multipath routing for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Wirel. Commun. Network., 3:1918-1922.

[12] Essa, I.A., 2000. Ubiquitous sensing for smart and aware environments. IEEE Pers. Commun., 7(5):47-49.

[13] Gsottberger, Y., Shi, X., Stromberg, G., Sturm, T.F., Weber, W., 2004. Embedding Low-cost Wireless Sensors into Universal Plug and Play Environments. Proc. 1st European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks, Berlin, Germany, p.291-306.

[14] He, T., Stankovic, J.A., Lu, C.Y., Abdelzaher, T., 2003. SPEED: A Stateless Protocol for Real-time Communication in Sensor Networks. Proc. Int. Conf. on Distributed Computing Systems, Providence, RI, USA, p.46-55.

[15] Heinzelman, W., Kulik, J., Balakrishnan, H., 1999. Adaptive Protocols for Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proc. 5th Annual ACM/IEEE Int. Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking, Seattle, WA, p.174-185.

[16] Heinzelman, W., Chandrakasan, A., Balakrishnan, H., 2000. Energy Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Hawaii Int. Conf. System Sciences, Maui, Hawaii, p.3005-3015.

[17] Intanagonwiwat, C., Govindan, R., Estrin, D., 2000. Directed Diffusion: A Scalable and Robust Communication Paradigm for Sensor Networks. Proc. 6th Annual Int. Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking, Boston, p.56-66.

[18] Jensen, D., 2002. SIVAM: communication, navigation and surveillance for the Amazon. Avion. Mag. [Online] Available at http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/categories/military/12730.html

[19] Lindsey, S., Raghavendra, C.S., 2002. PEGASIS: Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems. Proc. IEEE Aerospace Conf., Big Sky, Montana, 3:1125-1130.

[20] Mainwaring, A., Polastre, J., Szewczyk, R., Culler, D., Anderson, J., 2002. Wireless Sensor Network for Habitat Monitoring. Proc. 1st ACM Int. Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications, Atlanta, p.88-97.

[21] Manjeshwar, A., Agrawal, D.P., 2001. TEEN: A Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proc. 1st Int. Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, San Francisco, California, p.301-309.

[22] Martinez, K., Hart, J.K., Ong, R., 2004. Sensor network applications—environmental sensor networks. Computer, 37(8):50-56.

[23] Mukhopadhyay, S., Panigrahi, D., Dey, S., 2004. Model Based Error Correction for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proc. 1st Annual IEEE Communications Society Conf. on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, Santa Clara, California, p.575-584.

[24] Neha, J., Madathil, D.K., Agrawal, D.P., 2003. Exploiting Multi-path Routing to Achieve Service Differentiation in Sensor Networks. Proc. 11th IEEE Int. Conf. on Networks, Atlanta, Georgia, p.681-686.

[25] Perkins, C.E., Royer, E.M., 1999. Ad-hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing. Proc. 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, New Orleans, Lousiana, p.90-100.

[26] Schwiebert, L., Gupta, S.K.S., Weinmann, J., 2001. Research Challenges in Wireless Networks of Biomedical Sensors. Proc. 7th Annual Int. Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking, Rome, Italy, p.151-165.

[27] Shah, R.C., Rabaey, J.M., 2002. Energy Aware Routing for Low Energy Ad Hoc Sensor Networks. Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conf., Orlando, FL, 1:17-21.

[28] Sohrabi, K., Gao, J., Ailawadhi, V., Pottie, G.J., 2000. Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network. IEEE Pers. Commun., 7(5):16-27.

[29] Son, B., Her, Y.S., Kim, J.G., 2006. A design and implementation of forest-fires surveillance system based on wireless sensor networks for South Korea mountains. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Network Secur., 6(9):124-130.

[30] Srivastava, M., Muntz, R., Potkonjak, M., 2001. Smart Kindergarten: Sensor-based Wireless Networks for Smart Developmental Problem-solving Environments. Proc. ACM SIGMOBILE, 7th Annual Int. Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking, Rome, Italy, p.132-138.

[31] Stann, F., Heidemann, J., 2003. RMST: Reliable Data Transport in Sensor Networks. Proc. 1st IEEE Int. Workshop Sensor Network Protocols and Applications, Anchorage, Alaska, p.102-112.

[32] Takai, M., Bajaj, L., Ahuja, R., Bagrodia, R., Gerla, M., 1999. GloMoSim: A Scalable Network Simulation Environment. Technical Report 990027. Computer Science Department, UCLA.

[33] Tanner, N.A., Wait, J.R., Farrar, C.R., Sohn, H., 2003. Structural health monitoring using modular wireless sensors. J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct., 14(1):43-56.

[34] Tian, D., Georganas, N.D., 2003. Energy Efficient Routing with Guaranteed Delivery in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proc. IEEE Conf. on Wireless Communications and Networking, Phoenix, Arizona, 3:1923-1929.

[35] Tilak, S., Abu-Ghazaleh, N.B., Heinzelman, W., 2002. A taxonomy of wireless micro-sensor network models. Mob. Comput. Commun. Rev., 6(2):28-36.

[36] Ulmer, C., Yalamanchili, S., Alkalai, L., 2003. Wireless Distributed Sensor Networks for In-situ Exploration of Mars. Work in Progress for NASA Technical Report. Georgia Institute of Technology.

[37] Wan, C.Y., Campbell, A.T., 2005. PSFQ: a reliable transport protocol for wireless sensor networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., 23(4):862-872.

[38] Xu, N., Rangwala, S., Chintalapudi, K.K., Ganesan, D., Broad, A., Govindan, R., Estrin, D., 2004. A Wireless Sensor Network for Structural Monitoring. Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Baltimore, p.13-24.

[39] Xu, Y., Heidemann, J., Estrin, D., 2001. Geography-informed Energy Conservation for Ad Hoc Routing. Proc. Int. Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking, Rome, Italy, p.70-84.

[40] Ying, C., Lu, Q., Liu, Y., Shi, M., 2000. Routing Protocols Overview and Design Issues for Self-organized Network. Proc. Int. Conf. on Communication Technology, Beijing, China, 2:1298-1303.

[41] Yu, Y., Estrin, D., Govindan, R., 2001. Geographical and Energy-aware Routing: A Recursive Data Dissemination Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Technical Report. Computer Science Department, UCLA.

[42] Zhang, H., Arora, A., Choi, Y., Gouda, M.G., 2005. Reliable Bursty Convergecast in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proc. 6th ACM Int. Symp. on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing, Urbana, Champaign, USA, p.266-276.