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Abstract: Commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys have been among the most commonly used materials for biomedical applications since the 1950s. Due to the excellent mechanical tribological properties, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties of titanium, it is getting much attention as a biomaterial for implants. Furthermore, titanium promotes osseointegration without any additional adhesives by physically bonding with the living bone at the implant site. These properties are crucial for producing high-strength metallic alloys for biomedical applications. Titanium alloys are manufactured into the three types of α, β, and α + β. The scientific and clinical understanding of titanium and its potential applications, especially in the biomedical field, are still in the early stages. This review aims to establish a credible platform for the current and future roles of titanium in biomedicine. We first explore the developmental history of titanium. Then, we review the recent advancement of the utility of titanium in diverse biomedical areas, its functional properties, mechanisms of biocompatibility, host tissue responses, and various relevant antimicrobial strategies. Future research will be directed toward advanced manufacturing technologies, such as powder-based additive manufacturing, electron beam melting and laser melting deposition, as well as analyzing the effects of alloying elements on the biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties of titanium. Moreover, the role of titania nanotubes in regenerative medicine and nanomedicine applications, such as localized drug delivery system, immunomodulatory agents, antibacterial agents, and hemocompatibility, is investigated, and the paper concludes with the future outlook of titanium alloys as biomaterials.

新加坡国立大学Seeram Ramakrishna院士团队 | 综述：用于生物医学应用的钛及其合金的制造和特性

本综述论文聚焦钛材料在生物医学方面的应用与其制造方法。自20世纪50年代以来，商业纯钛和钛合金一直是生物医学应用中最常用的材料之一。由于钛具有优异的机械摩擦性能、耐腐蚀性、生物相容性和抗菌性能，因此它作为植入物的生物材料受到广泛关注。此外，钛可以通过与植入部位的活性骨物理连接，无需任何额外的粘合剂即可促进骨整合。这些特性对于生产用于生物医学应用的高强度金属合金至关重要。钛合金分为α，β和α+β三种类型。对钛及其潜在应用的科学和临床研究，特别是在生物医学领域，仍处于早期阶段。本综述旨在为钛在生物医学中当前和未来的作用建立一个可信的平台。本文首先回顾了钛的发展历史。然后，介绍了钛在各种生物医学领域的效用的最新进展、其功能特性、生物相容性机制、宿主组织反应以及各种相关的抗菌策略。未来的研究将针对先进的制造技术，如粉末基增材制造、电子束熔化和激光熔化沉积，以及分析合金元素对钛的生物相容性、耐腐蚀性和机械性能的影响。此外，还讨论了二氧化钛纳米管在再生医学和纳米医学应用中的作用，如局部药物输送系统、免疫调节剂、抗菌剂和血液相容性，并总结了钛合金作为生物材料的未来展望。