Similar articles

Abstract: chloride transport property is very important for the durability and service life of reinforced concrete structures subjected to marine environments and de-icing salt. In reality, for different reasons, concrete structures are frequently cracked, and cracks can alter the chloride transport properties of concrete. Recently, several studies have been conducted by both experiment and simulation on the influence of cracks on the chloride transport properties of concrete. The aim of this paper is to review these research efforts. The experimental methods and simulation approaches on the chloride transport properties of cracked concrete are introduced. Detailed discussions on the findings from these experimental and simulation studies are given. The chloride transport properties of cracked concrete are influenced by various factors, such as crack geometry, concrete composition, and load condition. Research in this area is still on-going, and many problems need to be settled before proposing reliable models for predicting the service life of real cracked concrete structures in chloride environments. Hence, some further research topics are recommended. The influences of other factors, such as carbonation, freeze-thaw, fatigue, and saturation degree, on the transport properties of cracked concrete should be revealed.

开裂混凝土氯离子传输性能研究综述：实验研究和计算机模拟

[1]ACI 224.1R-07: 2007. Causes, Evaluation, and Repair of Cracks in Concrete Structures. American Concrete Institute, MI, USA.

[2]Aiyastuti, S.M., 2005. Influence of Cracks on Chloride Induced Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete Fexural Members. PhD Thesis, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.

[3]Audenaert, K., De Schutter, G., Marsavina, L., 2009a. Influence of cracks and crack width on penetration depth of chlorides in concrete. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 13(5):561-572.

[4]Audenaert, K., Marsavina, L., De Schutter, G., 2009b. Influence of cracks on the service life of concrete structures in a marine environment. Key Engineering Materials, 399: 153-160.

[5]Bentz, D.P., Garboczi, E.J., Lu, Y., et al., 2013. Modeling of the influence of transverse cracking on chloride penetration into concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 38:65-74.

[6]Carino, N.J., Clifton, J.R., 1995. Prediction of cracking in reinforced concrete structures. Technical Report No. NISTIR 5634, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, MD.

[7]Crank, J., 1995. The Mathematics of Diffusion. Oxford Science Publications, London, England.

[8]Djerbi, A., Bonnet, S., Khelidj, A., et al., 2008. Influence of traversing crack on chloride diffusion into concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 38(6):877-883.

[9]Gowripalan, N., Sirivivatnanon, V., Lima, C.C., 2000. Chloride diffusivity of concrete cracked in flexure. Cement and Concrete Research, 30(5):725-730.

[10]Greenwald, M., 2004. Beyond benchmarking—how experiments and simulations can work together in plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications, 164(1-3):1-8.

[11]Guala, F., 2002. Models, simulations, and experiments. In: Magnani, L., Nersessian N.J. (Eds.), Model-based Reasoning. Springer USA, p.59-74.

[12]Ishida, T., Iqbal, P.O., Lan Anh, H.T., 2009. Modeling of chloride diffusivity coupled with non-linear binding capacity in sound and cracked concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 39(10):913-923.

[13]Ismail, M., Toumi, A., Francois, R., et al., 2004. Effect of crack opening on the local diffusion of chloride in inert materials. Cement and Concrete Research, 34(4):711-716.

[14]Ismail, M., Toumi, A., Francois, R., et al., 2008. Effect of crack opening on the local diffusion of chloride in cracked mortar samples. Cement and Concrete Research, 38(8-9):1106-1111.

[15]Jacobsen, S., Marchand, J., Boisvert, L., 1996. Effect of cracking and healing on chloride transport in OPC concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 26(6):869-881.

[16]Jin, W.L., Yan, Y.D., Wang, H.L., 2010. Chloride diffusion in the cracked concrete. In: Oh, B.H., Choi, O.C., Chung, L. (Eds.), Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures—Assessment, Durability, Monitoring and Retrofitting of Concrete Structures. Korea Concrete Institute, Seoul, p.880-886.

[17]Kato, E., Kato, Y., Uomoto, T., 2005. Development of simulation model of chloride ion transportation in cracked concrete. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 3(1):85-94.

[18]Langton, C.A., 2012. Transport through cracked concrete: literature review. Technical Report No. SRNL-STI-2012-00267, Savannah River National Laboratory, Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC, Aiken, SC, USA.

[19]Leite, J., Slowik, V., Mihashi, H., 2004. Computer simulation of fracture processes of concrete using mesolevel models of lattice structures. Cement and Concrete Research, 34(6):1025-1033.

[20]Löfgren, I., Stang, H., Olesen, J.F., 2008. The WST method, a fracture mechanics test method for FRC. Materials and Structures, 41(1):197-211.

[21]Lu, Y., Garboczi, E., Bentz, D., et al., 2012. Modeling of chloride transport in cracked concrete: a 3-D image-based microstructure simulation. COMSOL Conference, Boston, USA, p.1-15.

[22]Marsavina, L., Audenaert, K., De Schutter, G., et al., 2009. Experimental and numerical determination of the chloride penetration in cracked concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 23(1):264-274.

[23]Mehta, P.K., Monteiro, P.J.M., 2006. Concrete: Microstructure, Properties and Materials. McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, USA, p.176-179.

[24]NT Building 355, 1997. Concrete, mortar and cement-based repair materials: chloride diffusion coefficient from migration cell experiments. Nordtest, Espoo, Finland.

[25]NT Building 443, 1995. Concrete, hardened: accelerated chloride penetration. Nordtest, Espoo, Finland.

[26]NT Building 492, 1999. Concrete, mortar and cement-based repair materials: chloride migration coefficient from non-steady state migration experiments. Nordtest, Espoo, Finland.

[27]Pack, S.W., Jung, M.S., Song, H.W., et al., 2010. Prediction of time dependent chloride transport in concrete structures exposed to a marine environment. Cement and Concrete Research, 40(2):302-312.

[28]Pease, B., Skocek, J., Geiker, M., et al., 2007. The wedge splitting test: influence of aggregate size and water-to-cement ratio. International RILEM Workshop on Transport Mechanisms in Cracked Concrete, Ghent, Belgium. Acco, Leuven, p.111-122.

[29]Pritsker, A.B., 1989. Why simulation works. The 1989 Winter Simulation Conference. Washington DC, USA. ACM Press, USA, p.1-6.

[30]Qian, Z., 2012. Multiscale Modeling of Fracture Processes in Cementitious Materials. PhD Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.

[31]Rocco, C., Guinea, G.V., Planas, J., et al., 2001. Review of the splitting-test standards from a fracture mechanics point of view. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(1):73-82.

[32]Rodriguez, O.G., Hooton, R.D., 2003. Influence of cracks on chloride ingress into concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 100(2):120-126.

[33]Şahmaran, M., 2007. Effect of flexure induced transverse crack and self-healing on chloride diffusivity of reinforced mortar. Journal of Materials Science, 42(22):9131-9136.

[34]Šavija, B., Schlangen, E., 2012. Chloride ingress in cracked concrete—a literature review. Advances in Modeling Concrete Service Life: Proceedings of 4th International RILEM PhD Workshop, Madrid, Spain. Springer Netherlands, the Netherlands, p.133-142.

[35]Šavija, B., Pacheco, J., Schlangen, E., 2013. Lattice modeling of chloride diffusion in sound and cracked concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 42:30-40.

[36]Sillanpää, M., 2010. The Effect of Cracking on Chloride Diffusion in Concrete. MS Thesis, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.

[37]Song, H.W., Lee, C.H., Ann, K.Y., 2008. Factors influencing chloride transport in concrete structures exposed to marine environments. Cement and Concrete Composites, 30(2):113-121.

[38]Wang, K., Jansen, D.C., Shah, S.P., et al., 1997. Permeability study of cracked concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 27(3):381-393.

[39]Wang, L., Ueda, T., 2011. Mesoscale modeling of the chloride diffusion in cracks and cracked concrete. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 9(3):241-249.

[40]Wang, L., Soda, M., Ueda, T., 2008. Simulation of chloride diffusivity for cracked concrete based on RBSM and truss network model. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 6(1):143-155.

[41]Wang, Y., Li, L.Y., Page, C.L., 2005. Modelling of chloride ingress into concrete from a saline environment. Building and Environment, 40(12):1573-1582.

[42]Yang, Z., Weiss, W., Olek, J., 2006. Water transport in concrete damaged by tensile loading and freeze-thaw cycling. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 18(3):424-434.

[43]Yoon, I.S., Schlangen, E., 2010. Long/Short term experimental study on chloride penetration in cracked concrete. Key Engineering Materials, 417-418:765-768.

[44]Yoon, I.S., Schlangen, E., 2014. Experimental examination on chloride penetration through micro-crack in concrete. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 18(1):188-198.

[45]Yoon, I.S., Schlangen, E., De Rooij, M.R., et al., 2007. The effect of cracks on chloride penetration into concrete. Key Engineering Materials, 348-349:769-772.

[46]Zhang, T., Gjørv, O.E., 1996. Diffusion behavior of chloride ions in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 26(6):907-917.