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Abstract: Nowadays, railway ranks as an environmentally friendly and sustainable form of transport associated with a continuously expanding network. This success, often considered as the second “golden age” of rail, induces a vision of trains that should be quiet and vibrationless. However, numerous environmental technical challenges are associated with railway infrastructure, including the assessment of urban railway vibrations and noise. Prediction models are widely used at present to understand the nature of railway ground waves and their associated characteristics. Simulating excitation is of major concern and fixes the choice of a proper numerical model.

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