Similar articles

Abstract: In vitro cultures of loquat cultivar Mardan were established using shoot apices after treating with NaOCl (5%, 7%, 10%, 12%, 14% (v/v)) for 12 min and HgCl₂ (0.01%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.25% (w/v)) for 2 min. A maximum survival rate of 70% was recorded after surface sterilization with 10% NaOCl. Caulogenic response was assessed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with assorted combinations of the cytokinins, benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin, and N6-(2-isopentyl)adenine (2iP). Treatment of BAP 1.5 mg/L combined with 2iP 9.0 mg/L and kinetin 1.5 mg/L was found to be optimum for shoot morphogenesis in terms of the number and subsequent growth of shoots, while the highest shoot length was yielded by the combination of BAP 0.5 mg/L, kinetin 0.5 mg/L, and 2iP 3 mg/L. Higher levels of cytokinins induced callogenesis, vitrification and stunted growth to some extent. For rhizogenesis, uniform sized micro-shoots were excised and transferred to half-strength MS medium containing auxins. The best rooting expression was observed with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 1 mg/L combined with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) 2 mg/L and paclobutrazol (PBZ) 1 mg/L.

[1]Agrawal, D.C., Pawar, S.S., Morwal, G.C., Mascarenhas, A.F., 1991. In vitro micropropagation of Delphinium malabaricum (Huth) Munz.—a rare species. Ann. Bot., 68(3): 243-245.

[2]Ahmad, T., Rahman, H.U., Ahmad, C.M.S., Laghari, A.H., 2003. Effect of culture media and growth regulators on micropropagation of peach rootstock GF 677. Pak. J. Bot., 35(3):331-338.

[3]Al-Maarri, K.M., Al-Ghamdi, A.S., 1995. Effect of culturing date on in vitro micropropagation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Hillaly. Arab. Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 3(1):151-167.

[4]Al-Sulaiman, M.A., Barakat, M.N., 2010. In vitro shoot multiplication of Ziziphus spina-christi by shoot tip culture. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 9(6):850-857.

[5]Amin, M.N., Jaiswal, V.S., 1987. Rapid clonal propagation of guava through in vitro shoot proliferation on nodal explants of mature trees. Plant Cell Tissue Org. Cult., 9(3):235-243.

[6]Asaad, M.M., Mosleh, M.S., Duhoky, S.M.A., 2009. In vitro propagation of peach (Prunus persica L.) cv. “Red June”. J. Duhok Univ., 12(11):67-73.

[7]Asghar, S., Ahmad, T., Hafiz, I.A., Yaseen, M., 2011. In vitro propagation of orchid (Dendrobium nobile) var. Emma white. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 10(16):3097-3103.

[8]Azad, M.A.K., Yokota, S., Ohkubo, T., Andoh, Y., Yahar, S., Yoshizawa, N., 2005. In vitro regeneration of the medicinal woody plant Phellodendron amurense Rupr. through excised leaves. Plant Cell Tissue Org. Cult., 80(1):43-50.

[9]Baig, M.M.Q., Hafiz, I.A., Ahmad, T., Abbasi, N.A., 2011. An efficient protocol for in vitro propagation of Rosa grussan teplitz and Rosa centifolia. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 10(22): 4564-4573.

[10]Baker, C.M., Wetzstein, H.Y., 1994. Influence of auxin type and concentration on peanut somatic embryogenesis. Plant Cell Tissue Org. Cult., 36(3):361-368.

[11]Barakat, M.N., 2008. Application of in vitro culture for resistance to desertification. Met. Env. Arid Land Agric. Sci., 19:3-18.

[12]Barberaki, M., Kintzios, S., 2002. Accumulation of selected macronutrients in mistletoe tissue cultures: effect of medium composition and explant source. Sci. Hort., 95(1-2):133-150.

[13]Bennet, I.J., McComb, J.A., Tonkin, C.M., McDavid, D.A.J., 1994. Alternating cytokinins in multiplication medium stimulates in vitro shoot growth and rooting of Eukalyptus globules Labill. Ann. Bot., 74(1):53-58.

[14]Bhatt, B.B., Tomar, Y.K., 2010. Effects of IBA on rooting performance of Citrus auriantifolia Swingle (Kagzi-lime) in different growing conditions. Nat. Sci., 8(7):8-11.

[15]Bhojwani, S.S., Razdan, M.K., 1983. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice. Elsevier, p.313-372.

[16]Canli, F.A., Kazaz, S., 2009. Biotechnology of roses: progress and future prospects. Suleyman Demirel Univ. Orman Fakultesi Dergisi., 1:167-183.

[17]Carelli, B.P., Echeverrigary, S., 2002. An improved system for the in vitro propagation of rose cultivars. Sci. Hort., 92(1):69-74.

[18]Casimiro, I., Marchant, A., Bhalerao, R.P., Beeckman, T., Dhooge, S., Swarup, R., Graham, N., Inzé, D., Sandberg, G., Casero, P.J., et al., 2001. Auxin transport promotes Arabidopsis lateral root initiation. Plant Cell, 13(4):843-852.

[19]Chavan, S.S., Deshpande, R.S., Lad, B.L., Dhonuskake, B.L., 1996. Tissue culture studies in jackfruit. Ann. Plant Physiol., 10(2):157-161.

[20]de Oliveira, L.M., Paiva, R., de Santana, J.R.F., Pereira, F.D., Nogueira, R.C., Silva, L.C., 2010. Effects of cytokinins on in vitro mineral accumulation and bud development in Annona glabra L. Ciênc. Agrotecnol., 34(6):1439-1445.

[21]El-Zaher, M.H.A., 2008. Using the grafting for propagation of the jackfruit and producing the rootstocks for the grafting. Am.-Euras. J. Agric. Env. Sci., 3(3):459-473.

[22]Feng, Y.L., Auge, H., Ebeling, S.K., 2007. Invasive Buddleja davidii allocates more nitrogen to its photosynthetic machinery than five native woody species. Oecologia, 153(3):501-510.

[23]Fráguas, C.B., Pasqual, M., Dutra, L.F., Cazetta, J.O., 2004. Micropropagation of fig (Ficus carica L.) ‘Roxo de Valinhos’ plants. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Plant., 40(5):471-474.

[24]George, E.F., Hall, M.A., Deklerk, G.J., 2008. Plant Growth Regulators II: Cytokinins, their Analogues and Antagonists. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture, Springer, p.206-217.

[25]Gilley, A., Fletcher, R.A., 1997. Relative efficacy of paclobutrazol, propiconazole and tetraconazole as stress protectants in wheat seedlings. Plant Growth Regul., 21(3):169-175.

[26]Gollagunta, V., Jeffrey, W., Adelberg, J.R., Nihal, R., 2004. Sucrose concentration in liquid media affects soluble carbohydrates, biomass and storage quality of micropropagated hosta. Plant Cell Tissue Org. Cult., 77(2):125-131.

[27]Graebe, J.E., 1987. Gibberellin biosynthesis and control. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 38:419-465.

[28]Han, H., Zhang, S., Sun, X., 2009. A review on the molecular mechanism of plant rooting modulated by auxin. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 8(3):348-353.

[29]Haq, I., Ahmad, T., Hafiz, I.A., Abbasi, N.A., 2009. Influence of microcutting sizes and IBA concentrations on in vitro rooting of olive cv. Dolce agogia. Pak. J. Bot., 41(3):1213-1222.

[30]Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davies, J.F.T., Geneve, R.L., 2007. Plant Hormones. In: Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices, 7th Ed. Prentice-Hall, p.292-320.

[31]Henrique, A., Campinhos, E.N., Ono, E.O., Pinho, S.Z.D., 2006. Effect of plant growth regulators in the rooting of Pinus cuttings. Brazil Arch. Biol. Tech., 49(2):189-196.

[32]Hopkins, W.G., 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology. In: Plant Hormones. Auxins, 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, p.313-318.

[33]Hu, C.Y., Wang, P.J., 1983. Meristem, Shoot Tip, Bud Culture. Handbook of Plant Cell Culture. MacMillan, New York, p.177-277.

[34]Huetteman, C.A., Preece, J.E., 1993. Thidiazuron: a potent cytokinin for woody plant tissue culture. Plant Cell Tissue Org. Cult., 33(2):105-119.

[35]Husen, A., Pal, M., 2007. Metabolic changes during adventitious root primordium development in Tectona grandis Linn. f. (teak) cuttings as affected by age of donor plants and auxin (IBA and NAA) treatment. New Forests, 33(3):309-323.

[36]Hussain, A., 2009. Characterization of Loquat Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. Genotypes Cultivated in Pakistan on the Basis of Morpho-Physical Traits and Molecular Markers. PhD Thesis, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Punjab, Pakistan, p.151-152.

[37]Hussain, A., Abbasi, N.A., Akhtar, A., 2007. Fruit Charactristics of Different Loquat Genotypes Cultivated in Pakistan. II Int. Symp. on Loquat, p.287-291.

[38]Hussain, A., Abbasi, N.A., Hafiz, I.A., Zia, U.L., Hasan, S., 2011. A comparison among five loquat genotypes cultivated at Hasan Abdal and Wah. Pak. J. Agric. Sci., 48(2):103-106.

[39]Kamountsis, A.P., Chronopoulou-Sereli, A.G., 1999. Paclobutrazol affects growth and flower bud production in Gardenia under different light regimes. HortScience, 34(4):674-675.

[40]Kapchina-Toteva, V., Yakimova, E., 1997. Effect of purine and phenylurea cytokinins on peroxidase activity in relation to apical dominance of in vitro cultured Rosa hybrida L. Bulg. J. Plant Physiol., 23(1-2):40-48.

[41]Karim, M.Z., Amin, M.N., Asad, Z.U., Islam, S., Hassin, F., Alam, R., 2002. Rapid multiplication of Chrysanthemum morifolium through in vitro culture. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 5(11):1170-1172.

[42]Karim, M.Z., Amin, M.N., Azad, M.A.K., Begum, F., Rehman, M.M., Ahmad, S., Alam, R., 2003. In vitro shoot multiplication of Chrysanthemum morifolium as affected by sucrose, agar and pH. Biotechnology, 2(2):115-120.

[43]Kefford, N.P., 1973. Effect of hormone antagonist on the rooting of shoot cuttings. Plant Physiol., 51(1):214-216.

[44]Kukreja, A.K., Mathur, A.K., Zaim, M., 1990. Mass production of virus-free patchouli plants [Pogostemon cabin (Blanco) Benth] by in vitro culture. Trop. Agric., 67(2):101-104.

[45]Lane, W.D., 1992. Micropropagation of Apple (Malus domestica Barkh.). In: Bajaj, Y.P.S. (Ed.), High-Tech and Micropropagation II. Springer, p.229-243.

[46]Li, S., Li, W., Yang, D.L., Cao, Z.Y., 2003. Advance of research vitrification in plant test-tube plantlets. J. Gansu Agric. Univ., 38(1):1-16 (in Chinese).

[47]Lin, S.Q., 2007. World Loquat Production and Research with Special Reference to China. II Int. Symp. on Loquat. Guangzhou, China, p.37-44.

[48]Lomtatidze, N., Zarnadze, N., Alasania, N., Zarnadze, R., 2009. In vitro morphogenesis of loquat Eriobotria japonica L. Bull. Georg. Nat. Acad. Sci., 3(1):123-125.

[49]Malik, S.K., Chaudhury, R., Rajwant, K.K., 2005. Rapid in vitro multiplication and conservation of Garcinia indica: a tropical medicinal tree species. Sci. Hort., 106(4):539-553.

[50]Mok, M., 1994. Cytokinins and Plant Development: an Overview. In: Cytokinins: Chemistry, Activity, and Function. CRC Press, p.155-166.

[51]Nordstrom, A., Tarkowski, P., Tarkowska, D., Norbaek, R., Astot, C., Dolezal, K., Sberg, G., 2004. Auxin regulation of cytokinin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana: a factor of potential importance for auxin-cytokinin regulated development. PNAS, 101(21):8039-8044.

[52]Ohki, S., Sawaki, S., 1999. The effects of inorganic salts and growth regulators on in vitro shoot proliferation and leaf chlorophyll content of Delphinium cardinale. Sci. Hort., 81(2):149-158.

[53]Ozel, C.A., Arslan, O., 2006. Efficient micropropagation of English shrub rose “Heritage” under in vitro condition. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 8(5):626-629.

[54]Panjaitan, S.B., Aziz, M.A., Rashid, A.A., Saleh, N.M., 2007. In-vitro plantlet regeneration from shoot tip of field-grown hermaphrodite papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. Eksotika). Int. J. Agric. Biol., 9(6):827-832.

[55]Rademacher, W., Graebe, J.E., Schwenen, L., 1984. On the Mode of Action of Tetcylacis and Triazole Growth Retardants. In: Henett, R., Lawerence, D.K. (Eds.), Monograph—British Plant Growth Regulation Group, p.1-11.

[56]Rai, M.K., Shanker, J.S., Uma, J., 2009. Shoot multiplication and plant regeneration of guava (Psidium guajava L.) from nodal explants of in vitro raised plantlets. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res., 17(1):29-38.

[57]Roberts, A.V., Matthews, D., 1995. The preparation in vitro of chrysanthemum for transplantation to soil. V: The 2S, 3S enantiomer of paclobutrazol improves resistance to desiccation. Plant Cell Tissue Org. Cult., 40(2):191-193.

[58]Rogg, L.E., Lasswell, J., Bartel, B., 2001. A gain-of-function mutation in IAA28 suppresses lateral root development. Plant Cell, 13(3):465-480.

[59]Ronzhina, E.S., 2003. Effect of 6-benzylaminopurine on the structure of photosynthetic apparatus of Faba bean Vicia faba L. Appl. Biochem. Microbiol., 39(4):411-417.

[60]Roy, J., Banerjee, N., 2003. Induction of callus and plant regeneration from shoot tip explants of Dendrobium fimbriatum Lidl. var. oculatum Hk. f. Sci. Hort., 97(3-4):333-340.

[61]Ruegger, M., Dewey, E., Hobbie, L., Brown, D., Bernasconi, P., Turner, J., Muday, G., Estelle, M., 1997. Reduced naphthylphthalamic acid binding in the tir3 mutant of Arabidopsis is associated with a reduction in polar auxin transport and diverse morphological defects. Plant Cell, 9(5):745-757.

[62]Russell, A.D., Chopra, I., 1990. Understanding Antibacterial Action and Resistance. Ellis Horwood, New York.

[63]Ruzic, D.V., Vujovic, T.I., 2008. The effects of cytokinin types and their concentration on in vitro multiplication of sweet cherry cv. Lapins (Prunus avium L.). HortScience, 35(1):12-21.

[64]Schmulling, T., Werner, T., Riefler, M., Krupková, E., Bartrina, Y., Manns, I., 2003. Structure and function of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase genes of maize, rice, Arabidopsis and other species. J. Plant Res., 116(3):241-252.

[65]Siddique, I., Anis, M., 2009. Direct plant regeneration from nodal explants of Balanites aegyptiaca L. Del.: a valuable medicinal tree. New Forests, 37(1):53-62.

[66]Singh, K., Arora, J.S., 1995. In vitro multiplication of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv. Riot. J. Ornam. Hort., 2(1-2):63-68.

[67]Skirvin, R.M., Kouider, M., Joung, A., Korban, S.S., 1986. The Tissue Culture of Apple Malus domestica Borkh. In: Bajaj, Y.P.S. (Ed.), Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. p.183-197.

[68]Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J.H., Boston, M.A., 1997. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: a Biometric Approach, 3rd Ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., p.178-182.

[69]Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., 2002. Cytokinins: Regulators of Cell Division. In: Plant Physiology, 3rd Ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Los Angeles, p.501.

[70]Teale, W.D., Paponov, I.A., Palme, K., 2006. Auxin in action: signalling, transport and the control of plant growth and development. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 7(11):847-859.

[71]Tim, D., Narendra, S., Roonald, H.W., Upodhaya, A., 1985. Promotion and adventitious root formation on cuttings by paclobutrazol. HortScience, 20(5):883-884.

[72]Vincent, K.A., Mathew, K.M., Hariharan, M., 1992. Micropropagation of Kaempferia galanga L. a medicinal plant. Plant Cell Tissue Org. Cult., 28(2):229-230.

[73]Vuylsteker, C., Leleu, O., Rambour, S., 1997. Influence of BAP and NAA on the expression of nitrate reductase in excised chicory roots. J. Exp. Bot., 48(5):1079-1085.

[74]Waseem, K., Jilani, M.S., Khan, M.S., 2009. Rapid plant regeneration of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium I.) through shoot tip culture. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 8(9):1871-1877.

[75]Weisman, Z., Riov, J., Epstein, E., 1988. Characterization and rooting ability of indole-3-butyric acid conjugates formed during rooting of mung bean cuttings. Plant Physiol., 91(3):1080-1084.

[76]Woodward, A.W., Bartel, B., 2005. Auxin: regulation, action, and interaction. Ann. Bot. Lond., 95(5):707-735.

[77]Yakimova, E., Toteva, V.K., Groshkoff, I., Ivanova, G., 2000. Effect of BA and CPPU on protease and α amylase activity of in vitro cultured explants of Rosa hybrida L. Bulg. J. Plant Physiol., 26:39-47.

[78]Yildiz, M., Er, C., 2002. The effect of sodium hypochlorite solutions on in vitro seedling growth and shoot regeneration of flax Linum usitatissimum. Naturwissenchaften, 89(6):259-261.

[79]Ziv, M., 1992. Morphogenic control of plants micropropagated in bioreactor cultures and its possible impact on accilimatization. Acta Hort., 319:119-124.