Similar articles

Abstract: Despite that sleep disturbance and poor neurocognitive performance are common complaints among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors, few studies have focused on the effect of post-COVID-19 sleep disturbance (PCSD) on cognitive function. This study aimed to identify the impact of PCSD on neurocognitive function and explore the associated risk factors for the worsening of this condition. This cross-sectional study was conducted via the web-based assessment in Chinese mainland. neurocognitive function was evaluated by the modified online Integrated Cognitive Assessment (ICA) and the Number Ordering Test (NOT). Propensity score matching (PSM) was utilized to match the confounding factors between individuals with and without PCSD. Univariate analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of PCSD on neurocognitive function. The risk factors associated with worsened neurocognitive performance in PCSD individuals were explored using binary logistic regression. A total of 8692 individuals with COVID-19 diagnosis were selected for this study. Nearly half (48.80%) of the COVID-19 survivors reported sleep disturbance. After matching by PSM, a total of 3977 pairs (7954 individuals in total) were obtained. Univariate analyses revealed that PCSD was related to worse ICA and NOT performance (P<0.05). Underlying disease, upper respiratory infection, loss of smell or taste, severe pneumonia, and self-reported cognitive complaints were associated with worsened neurocognitive performance among PCSD individuals (P<0.05). Furthermore, aging, ethnicity (minority), and lower education level were found to be independent risk factors for worsened neurocognitive performance in PCSD individuals (P<0.05). PCSD was related to impaired neurocognitive performance. Therefore, appropriate prevention and intervention measures should be taken to minimize or prevent PCSD and eliminate its potential adverse effect on neurocognitive function.

COVID-19后睡眠紊乱与神经认知功能之间的关系：基于倾向评分匹配方法的研究

[1]AlperinN, WiltshireJ, LeeSH, et al., 2019. Effect of sleep quality on amnestic mild cognitive impairment vulnerable brain regions in cognitively normal elderly individuals. Sleep, 42(3):zsy254.

[2]AmdalCD, PeM, FalkRS, et al., 2021. Health-related quality of life issues, including symptoms, in patients with active COVID-19 or post COVID-19; a systematic literature review. Qual Life Res, 30(12):3367-3381.

[3]BeckerJH, VannorsdallTD, WeisenbachSL, 2023. Evaluation of post-COVID-19 cognitive dysfunction: recommendations for researchers. JAMA Psychiatry, 80(11):1085-1086.

[4]BowieCR, HarveyPD, 2006. Administration and interpretation of the Trail Making Test. Nat Protoc, 1(5):2277-2281.

[5]BryantAN, FordKL, KimG, 2014. Racial/ethnic variations in the relation between body mass index and cognitive function among older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 22(7):653-660.

[6]CaroneDA, Ben-PorathYS, 2014. Dementia does not preclude very reliable responding on the MMPI-2 RF: a case report. Clin Neuropsychol, 28(6):1019-1029.

[7]CebanF, LingSS, LuiLMW, et al., 2022. Fatigue and cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun, 101:93-135.

[8]ChenS, WangSH, BaiYY, et al., 2022. Comparative study on topological properties of the whole-brain functional connectome in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and Parkinson’s disease without RBD. Front Aging Neurosci, 14:820479.

[9]ChenXL, WangR, ZeeP, et al., 2015. Racial/ethnic differences in sleep disturbances: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Sleep, 38(6):877-888.

[10]Corsi-CabreraM, SánchezAI, Del-Río-PortillaY, et al., 2003. Effect of 38 h of total sleep deprivation on the waking EEG in women: sex differences. Int J Psychophysiol, 50(3):213-224.

[11]CrivelliL, PalmerK, CalandriI, et al., 2022. Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Dement, 18(5):1047-1066.

[12]DavisHE, AssafGS, McCorkellL, et al., 2021. Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. eClinicalMedicine, 38:101019.

[13]Díez-CirardaM, YusM, Gómez-RuizN, et al., 2023. Multimodal neuroimaging in post-COVID syndrome and correlation with cognition. Brain, 146(5):2142-2152.

[14]DuindamHB, KesselsRPC, van den BorstB, et al., 2022. Long-term cognitive performance and its relation to anti-inflammatory therapy in a cohort of survivors of severe COVID-19. Brain Behav Immun Health, 25:100513.

[15]DuivonM, GiffardB, DesgrangesB, et al., 2022. Are sleep complaints related to cognitive functioning in non-central nervous system cancer? A systematic review. Neuropsychol Rev, 32(3):483-505.

[16]DzierzewskiJM, 2022. Insomnia and subjective cognitive decline in older adults: avenues for continued investigation and potential intervention. Sleep, 45(11):zsac216.

[17]Fortier-BrochuÉ, MorinCM, 2014. Cognitive impairment in individuals with insomnia: clinical significance and correlates. Sleep, 37(11):1787-1798.

[18]GongL, ShiM, WangJ, et al., 2021. The abnormal functional connectivity in the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system associated with anxiety symptom in chronic insomnia disorder. Front Neurosci, 15:678465.

[19]IqbalFM, LamK, SounderajahV, et al., 2021. Characteristics and predictors of acute and chronic post-COVID syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine, 36:100899.

[20]IrwinMR, VitielloMV, 2019. Implications of sleep disturbance and inflammation for Alzheimer’s disease dementia. Lancet Neurol, 18(3):296-306.

[21]JahramiHA, AlhajOA, HumoodAM, et al., 2022. Sleep disturbances during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Sleep Med Rev, 62:101591.

[22]JangY, HaleyWE, ChoiEY, et al., 2022. Racial/ethnic differences in correspondence between subjective cognitive ratings and cognitive impairment. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 30(5):627-635.

[23]JeeHJ, ShinW, JungHJ, et al., 2020. Impact of sleep disorder as a risk factor for dementia in men and women. Biomol Ther (Seoul), 28(1):58-73.

[24]KalafatisC, ModarresMH, ApostolouP, et al., 2021. Validity and cultural generalisability of a 5-minute AI-based, computerised cognitive assessment in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s dementia. Front Psychiatry, 12:706695.

[25]Khaligh-RazaviSM, HabibiS, SadeghiM, et al., 2019. Integrated cognitive assessment: speed and accuracy of visual processing as a reliable proxy to cognitive performance. Sci Rep, 9:1102.

[26]LinhTTD, HoDKN, NguyenNN, et al., 2023. Global prevalence of post-COVID-19 sleep disturbances in adults at different follow-up time points: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev, 71:101833.

[27]LiuYH, ChenY, WangQH, et al., 2022. One-year trajectory of cognitive changes in older survivors of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol, 79(5):509-517.

[28]MalikP, PatelK, PintoC, et al., 2022. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL)—a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol, 94(1):253-262.

[29]MuccioliL, PensatoU, CaniI, et al., 2020. COVID-19-associated encephalopathy and cytokine-mediated neuroinflammation. Ann Neurol, 88(4):860-861.

[30]OliverSF, LazoffSA, PopovichJ, et al., 2023. Chronic neurocognitive, neuropsychological, and pulmonary symptoms in outpatient and inpatient cohorts after COVID-19 infection. Neurosci Insights, 18:26331055231186998.

[31]PearsonO, Uglik-MaruchaN, MiskowiakKW, et al., 2023. The relationship between sleep disturbance and cognitive impairment in mood disorders: a systematic review. J Affect Disord, 327:207-216.

[32]SalfiF, AmicucciG, CoriglianoD, et al., 2023. Poor sleep quality, insomnia, and short sleep duration before infection predict long-term symptoms after COVID-19. Brain Behav Immun, 112:140-151.

[33]SanthiN, LazarAS, McCabePJ, et al., 2016. Sex differences in the circadian regulation of sleep and waking cognition in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 113(19):E2730-E2739.

[34]ShoreJ, KalafatisC, StainthorpeA, et al., 2023. Health economic analysis of the integrated cognitive assessment tool to aid dementia diagnosis in the United Kingdom. Front Public Health, 11:1240901.

[35]SolomonIH, NormandinE, BhattacharyyaS, et al., 2020. Neuropathological features of Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 383(10):989-992.

[36]TedjasukmanaR, BudikayantiA, IslamiyahWR, et al., 2023. Sleep disturbance in post COVID-19 conditions: prevalence and quality of life. Front Neurol, 13:1095606.

[37]TranahGJ, BlackwellT, StoneKL, et al., 2011. Circadian activity rhythms and risk of incident dementia and mild cognitive impairment in older women. Ann Neurol, 70(5):722-732.

[38]UnsalP, AycicekGS, DenizO, et al., 2021. Insomnia and falls in older adults: are they linked to executive dysfunction? Psychogeriatrics, 21(3):359-367.

[39]ValdesE, FuchsB, MorrisonC, et al., 2022. Demographic and social determinants of cognitive dysfunction following hospitalization for COVID-19. J Neurol Sci, 438:120146.

[40]WerheidK, HoppeC, ThöneA, et al., 2002. The Adaptive Digit Ordering Test: clinical application, reliability, and validity of a verbal working memory test. Arch Clin Neuropsychol, 17(6):547-565.

[41]World Health Organization, 2023. WHO COVID-19 dashboard. https://covid19.who.int

[42]ZaheedAB, ChervinRD, SpiraAP, et al., 2023. Mental and physical health pathways linking insomnia symptoms to cognitive performance 14 years later. Sleep, 46(3):zsac262.

[43]Zhang, QL, WuYL, HanTK, et al., 2019. Changes in cognitive function and risk factors for cognitive impairment of the elderly in China: 2005‍‒‍2014. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16(16):2847.