Similar articles

Abstract: The Penn State worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) is a measure of worry phenomena and has been demonstrated valid in cross-cultural populations. The present study examined the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Chinese version of PSWQ (Ch-PSWQ) in a Chinese college sample (n=1243). Exploratory factor analysis of the Ch-PSWQ revealed a two-factor solution (engagement of worry and absence of worry). Confirmatory factor analysis and model comparison supported that the model of one factor with method effect provided the best fit to the data. The Ch-PSWQ and its factors evidenced good internal consistency and both convergent and discriminate validity. The present study supports the opinion that the second factor of PSWQ not only contains the component of evaluating pathological worry, but also might represent other traits.

[1] Arbuckle, J.L., Wothke, W., 1999. Amos 4.0 User’s Guide. Smallwaters, Chicago, p.55-126.

[2] Barlow, D.H., 1988. Anxiety and Its Disorders. Guilford Press, New York, p.64-105.

[3] Barlow, D.H., 2002. Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic. Guilford Press, New York, p.477-515.

[4] Barlow, D.H., Rapee, R.M., Brown, T.A., 1992. Behavioral treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 23(4):551-570.

[5] Beck, A.T., Beamesderfer, A., 1974. Assessment of depression: the depression inventory. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, 7:151-169.

[6] Beck, J.G., Stanley, M.A., Zebb, B.J., 1995. Psychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire in older adults. Journal of Clinical Gerontology, 1:33-42.

[7] Beck, J.G., Stanley, M.A., Zebb, B.J., 1996. Characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder in older adults: a descriptive study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(3):225-234.

[8] Borkovec, T.D., 1994. The Nature, Functions, and Origins of Worry. In: Davey, G.C.L., Tallis, F. (Eds.), Worrying: Perspectives on Theory, Assessment and Treatment. Wiley Series in Clinical Psychology. Wiley, Chichester, p.5-33.

[9] Borkovec, T.D., Costello, E., 1993. Efficacy of applied relaxation and cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(4):611-619.

[10] Brown, T.A., 2003. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire: multiple factors or method effects? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(12): 1411-1426.

[11] Brown, T.A., Antony, M.M., Barlow, D.H., 1992. Psychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire in a clinical anxiety disorders sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30(1):33-37.

[12] Butler, G., Wells, A., Dewick, H., 1995. Differential effects of worry and imagery after exposure to a stressful stimulus: a pilot study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23:45-56.

[13] CPS (Chinese Psychological Society), 2007. Code of ethics for counseling and clinical practice of Chinese psychological society. Acta Psychological Sinica, 39(5):947-950 (in Chinese).

[14] Craske, M.G., 1999. Anxiety Disorders: Psychological Approaches to Theory and Treatment. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, p.183-198.

[15] Dugas, M.J., Freeston, M.H., Ladouceur, R., Rheaume, J., Provencher, M., Biosvert, J.M., 1998. Worry themes in primary GAD, secondary GAD, and other anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12(3):253-261.

[16] Ember, C.R., Ember, M., 2001. Cross-cultural Research Methods. AltaMira Press, Lanham, MD, p.12-164.

[17] Fresco, D.M., Heimberg, R.M., Mennin, D.S., Turk, C.L., 2002. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(3):313-323.

[18] Fu, J.B., 1997. Using confirmatory factor analyses to test the construct of Stat-Trait anxiety inventory. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 11(4):216-217 (in Chinese).

[19] Hau, K.T., 1995. Confirmatory factor analyses of seven locus of control measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65(1):117-132.

[20] Hazlett-Stevens, H., Ullman, J.B., Craske, M.G., 2004. Factor structure of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire: examination of a method factor. Assessment, 31:387-401.

[21] Jacobs, G.A., Latham, L.E., Brown, M.S., 1988. Test-retest reliability of the state-trait personality inventory and the anger expression scale. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 1(3): 263-265.

[22] Ladouceur, R., Dugas, M.J., Freeston, M.H., Leger, E., Gagnon, F., Thibodeau, N., 2000. Efficacy of a cognitive behavioral treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: evaluation in a controlled clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(6):957-964.

[23] Lim, Y.J., Kim, Y.H., Lee, E.H., Kwon, S.M., 2008. The Penn State Worry Questionnaire: psychometric properties of the Korean version. Depression and Anxiety, 25(10): E97-E103.

[24] Meyer, T.J., Miller, M.L., Metzger, R.L., Borkovec, T.D., 1990. Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6):487-495.

[25] Molina, S., Borkovec, T.D., Peasley, C., Person, D., 1998. Content analysis of worrisome streams of consciousness in anxious and dysphonic participants. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(2):109-123.

[26] Pestle, S.L., Chorpita, B.F., Schiffman, J., 2008. Psychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire for children in a large clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(2):465-471.

[27] Roemer, L., Molina, S., Borkovec, T.D., 1997. An Investigation of Worry Content among Generally Anxious Individuals. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 185(5): 314-319.

[28] Sanavio, E., 1988. Obsessions and compulsions: the Padua inventory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26(2): 169-177.

[29] Stöber, J., 1995. Besorgnis: ein vergleich dreier invetare zur erfassung allgemeiner sorgen [Worrying: a comparison of three questionnaires concerning everyday worries]. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnsostische Psychologie, 16:50-63 (in German).

[30] Stöber, J., Bittencout, J., 1998. Weekly assessment of worry: an adaptation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire for monitoring changes during treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(6):645-656.

[31] van Rijsoort, S., Emmelkamp, P., Vervaeke, G., 1999. Assessment. The Penn State Worry Questionnaire and the Worry Domains Questionnaire: structure, reliability and validity. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 6(4): 297-307.

[32] Wang, J., 1999. Structural Equation Modeling. In: Guo, Z.G. (Ed.), Social statistical Analysis Method: Practice of SPSS. China Renmin University Press, Beijing, p.339-383 (in Chinese).

[33] Zhang, Y.X., Wang, Y., Qian, M.Y., 1990. Reliability and validity of beck depression inventory (BDI) examined in Chinese samples. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 4:22-26 (in Chinese).

[34] Zhong, J., Qin, M., Cai, W.J., Tan, J.Q., Wang, Y.Y., Xu, X.J., Zhang, X., Liu, J., 2006. Padua inventory for Chinese college students. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 14(1):1-4 (in Chinese).

[35] Zhong, J., Wang, A., Qian, M., Zhang, L., Gao, J., Yang, J., Li, B., Chen, P., 2008. Shame, personality and social anxiety symptoms in Chinese and united state nonclinical samples: a cross-cultural study. Depression and Anxiety, 25(5):449-460.