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Bio-Design and Manufacturing  2026 Vol.9 No.1 P.182 - 196

http://doi.org/10.1631/bdm.2500187


Exploring the design potential of iridescent Flavobacteria for thermochromic engineered living materials


Author(s):  Clarice Risseeuw, Likhitha Kummetha, Colin Ingham, Elvin Karana, Marie-Eve Aubin-Tam, Joana Martins

Affiliation(s):  1. Department of Sustainable Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CE, Delft, The Netherlands more

Corresponding email(s):   c.c.risseeuw@tudelft.nl

Key Words:  Engineered living materials (ELMs), Living sensors, Thermochromic, Temperature-responsive, Iridescent color, Cellulophaga lyticaPLY-A2


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Clarice Risseeuw. Exploring the design potential of iridescent Flavobacteria for thermochromic engineered living materials[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University Science D, 2026, 9(1): 182 - 196.

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Abstract: 
By leveraging the unique qualities of microorganisms, engineered living materials (ELMs) offer functional and economic advantages in everyday applications along with notable ecological benefits. This study contributes to the growing field of biodesign by examining the potential of Flavobacteria for thermochromic ELMs. Many Flavobacteria, commonly found in marine environments, produce iridescent structural colorations as their colonies expand on semi-solid surfaces through gliding motility. In this study, we analyzed the effects of temperature variations on flavobacteriumcellulophaga lyticaPLY-A2, characterizing distinct changes in colony growth and iridescent colorations at a macroscopic and microscopic scale. Using scanning electron microscopy, we investigated the relationship between iridescent color and the underlying cell-based optical structures. By providing insights into the temperature-responsive behavior of Flavobacteria, our findings highlight their potential for future thermochromic ELMs—with applications ranging from sustainable food packaging to smart textiles—while encouraging further characterization studies within biodesign research.

Exploring the design potential of iridescent Flavobacteria for thermochromic engineered living materials

工程化活体材料 (engineered living materials, ELMs) 通过引入微生物等活体单元, 兼具功能优势、 经济可行性与显著的生态效益, 展现出广阔的应用前景。 本文围绕生物设计领域的最新进展, 系统研究了黄杆菌纲 (Flavobacteria) 在热致变色工程化活体材料中的应用潜力。 多种广泛分布于海洋环境的黄杆菌在半固体表面生长过程中, 依赖滑行运动扩展菌落, 并产生具有结构色特征的虹彩效应。 本研究以Cellulophaga lyticaPLY-A2 菌株为对象, 系统分析了温度变化对其菌落生长行为与虹彩结构色表现的影响, 从宏观与微观两个尺度刻画了温度诱导下菌落形貌与颜色响应的差异特征。 通过扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 表征, 进一步揭示了虹彩颜色变化与其底层细胞光学结构的关系。 研究结果表明, 该类黄杆菌对温度变化具有明确且可重复的响应特性, 展现出作为热响应型工程化活体材料的潜力。 本研究为理解黄杆菌的温度响应行为及其结构色形成机制提供了新的实验依据, 表明其在可持续食品包装、 智能纺织品等热致变色应用场景中具有潜力, 并为未来生物设计领域相关微生物材料的系统表征与应用探索提供了参考。
Engineered living materials (ELMs); Living sensors; Thermochromic; Temperature-responsive; Iridescent color; Cellulophaga lyticaPLY-A2

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