JZUS - Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE

Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE A 2015 Vol.16 No.1 P.70-80

Characterization of zinc vapor condensation in fly ash particles using synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Author(s): Xu Cai, Qun-xing Huang, Moussa-mallaye Alhadj-Mallah, Yong Chi, Jian-hua Yan
Affiliation(s): State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Corresponding email(s): hqx@zju.edu.cn
Key Words: Zinc speciation, Condensation, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), Solid waste

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Abstract: Heavy metals released from municipal solid waste incinerators have become a major environmental concern. A comprehensive knowledge of metal vapor condensation in fly ash particles during incineration is essential for alleviating heavy metal toxicity, and for optimizing incineration process parameters and flue-gas cleaning systems. In this paper, the condensation of zinc vapor during flue-gas cooling in a 200 t/d fluidized bed incinerator and a 150 t/d moving grate incinerator was characterized and comparatively studied using high resolution synchrotron x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Principal component analysis, target transformation, and linear combination fitting were employed to identify zinc species directly from size fractionated fly ash particles. The chemical reaction behaviors of different zinc species were described by thermodynamic equilibrium simulations. Consistent with previous theoretical analysis and laboratory scale tests, the condensation behavior of zinc in an industrial incineration system is mainly affected by the sulfur/chlorine ratio and the inorganic particulates. It is found that zinc chloride is the major zinc species in a moving grate incinerator but willemite dominates in the fluidized bed incinerator. The high sulfur and silica/alumina particle concentration in the fluidized bed system changes the condensation propensity of vapors of Zn compounds. Adjusting the concentrations of SO₂ in flue-gas can inhibit the formation of zinc chlorides. Silica, alumina, aluminosilicates, and calcium-based compounds are potential sorbents for transforming zinc to less harmful species. To prevent toxic zinc species contained in fine particles from escaping into the atmosphere, wet scrubbers are more suitable for cleaning flue-gases in moving grate incineration systems, while improving the efficiency of dust removal is more important for fluidized bed incineration systems.

同步辐射技术研究金属锌蒸汽在飞灰小颗粒表面的凝结特性

目的：寻找金属污染物在热转化过程中的生成和迁移规律，为可燃固体废弃物高效清洁能源化利用提供科学指导。
方法：飞灰采自两台不同类型在运行固废焚烧炉；采样位置位于烟气净化系统之前以规避干扰；利用同步辐射技术中的X射线近边吸收结构和吸收精细结构谱图结合热力学模拟对金属锌的形态进行分析和研究。
结论：1. 金属锌在炉排炉飞灰小颗粒上主要以氯化物形式存在，而在流化床飞灰小颗粒上是以铝硅酸盐为主；2. 燃烧过程中的高硫氮比能够有效减少锌有毒形态的生成；3. 硅、铝和钙基材料是锌蒸汽有效的吸附剂。

关键词：形态；冷凝特性；同步辐射；固体废弃物

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同步辐射技术研究金属锌蒸汽在飞灰小颗粒表面的凝结特性

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