CLC number: TB535
On-line Access: 2017-12-05
Received: 2016-11-14
Revision Accepted: 2017-04-06
Crosschecked: 2017-11-07
Cited: 0
Clicked: 4960
Mahmudur Rahman, Zhi Chao Ong, Sabariah Julai, Md Meftahul Ferdaus, Raju Ahamed. A review of advances in magnetorheological dampers: their design optimization and applications[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University Science A, 2017, 18(12): 991-1010.
@article{title="A review of advances in magnetorheological dampers: their design optimization and applications",
author="Mahmudur Rahman, Zhi Chao Ong, Sabariah Julai, Md Meftahul Ferdaus, Raju Ahamed",
journal="Journal of Zhejiang University Science A",
volume="18",
number="12",
pages="991-1010",
year="2017",
publisher="Zhejiang University Press & Springer",
doi="10.1631/jzus.A1600721"
}
%0 Journal Article
%T A review of advances in magnetorheological dampers: their design optimization and applications
%A Mahmudur Rahman
%A Zhi Chao Ong
%A Sabariah Julai
%A Md Meftahul Ferdaus
%A Raju Ahamed
%J Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE A
%V 18
%N 12
%P 991-1010
%@ 1673-565X
%D 2017
%I Zhejiang University Press & Springer
%DOI 10.1631/jzus.A1600721
TY - JOUR
T1 - A review of advances in magnetorheological dampers: their design optimization and applications
A1 - Mahmudur Rahman
A1 - Zhi Chao Ong
A1 - Sabariah Julai
A1 - Md Meftahul Ferdaus
A1 - Raju Ahamed
J0 - Journal of Zhejiang University Science A
VL - 18
IS - 12
SP - 991
EP - 1010
%@ 1673-565X
Y1 - 2017
PB - Zhejiang University Press & Springer
ER -
DOI - 10.1631/jzus.A1600721
Abstract: In recent years, magnetorheological (MR) fluid technology has received much attention and consequently has shown much improvement. Its adaptable nature has led to rapid growth in such varied engineering applications as the base isolation of civil structures, vehicle suspensions, and several bio-engineering mechanisms through its implementation in different MR fluid base devices, particularly in MR dampers. The MR damper is an advanced application of a semi-active device which performs effectively in vibration reduction due to its control ability in both on and off states. The MR damper has the capacity to generate a large damping force, with comparatively low power consumption, fast and flexible response, and simplicity of design. With reference to the huge demand for MR dampers, this paper reviews the advantages of these semi-active systems over passive and active systems, the versatile application of MR dampers, and the fabrication of the configurations of various MR dampers, and provides an overview of various MR damper models. To address the increasing adaptability of the MR dampers, their latest design optimization and advances are also presented. Because of the tremendous interest in self-powered and energy-saving technologies, a broad overview of the design of MR dampers for energy harvesting and their modeling is also incorporated in this paper.
[1]Ahmadian, M., Poynor, J.C., 2001. An evaluation of magneto rheological dampers for controlling gun recoil dynamics. Shock and Vibration, 8(3-4):147-155.
[2]Ahmadian, M., Appleton, R., Norris, J., 1999. Design and development of magneto-rheological dampers for bicycle suspensions. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Dynamic Systems & Control Division Publication, 67: 737-741.
[3]Atabani, A.E., Silitonga, A.S., Badruddin, I.A., et al., 2012. A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(4):2070-2093.
[4]Atabay, E., Ozkol, I., 2014. Application of a magnetorheological damper modeled using the current–dependent Bouc–Wen model for shimmy suppression in a torsional nose landing gear with and without freeplay. Journal of Vibration and Control, 20(11):1622-1644.
[5]Avraam, M., Horodinca, M., Romanescu, I., et al., 2010. Computer controlled rotational MR-brake for wrist rehabilitation device. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 21(15):1543-1557.
[6]Bitaraf, M., Hurlebaus, S., Barroso, L.R., 2012. Active and semi-active adaptive control for undamaged and damaged building structures under seismic load. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 27(1):48-64.
[7]Böse, H., Ehrlich, J., 2012. Magnetorheological dampers with various designs of hybrid magnetic circuits. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 23(9):979-987.
[8]Casciati, F., Rodellar, J., Yildirim, U., 2012. Active and semi-active control of structures-theory and applications: a review of recent advances. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 23(11):1181-1195.
[9]Cha, Y.J., Agrawal, A.K., 2013a. Decentralized output feedback polynomial control of seismically excited structures using genetic algorithm. Structural Control & Health Monitoring, 20(3):241-258.
[10]Cha, Y.J., Agrawal, A.K., 2013b. Velocity based semi-active turbo-Lyapunov control algorithms for seismically excited nonlinear smart structures. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 20(6):1043-1056.
[11]Cha, Y.J., Agrawal, A.K., 2016. Robustness studies of sensor faults and noises for semi-active control strategies using large-scale magnetorheological dampers. Journal of Vibration and Control, 22(5):1228-1243.
[12]Cha, Y.J., Zhang, J., Agrawal, A.K., et al., 2013a. Comparative studies of semiactive control strategies for MR dampers: pure simulation and real-time hybrid tests. Journal of Structural Engineering, 139(7):1237-1248.
[13]Cha, Y.J., Agrawal, A.K., Dyke, S.J., 2013b. Time delay effects on large-scale MR damper based semi-active control strategies. Smart Materials and Structures, 22:055027.
[14]Cha, Y.J., Agrawal, A.K., Friedman, A., et al., 2014. Performance validations of semiactive controllers on large-scale moment-resisting frame equipped with 200-kN MR damper using real-time hybrid simulations. Journal of Structural Engineering, 140(10):04014066.
[15]Chen, C., Liao, W.H., 2012. A self-sensing magnetorheological damper with power generation. Smart Materials and Structures, 21(2):025014.
[16]Cho, S.W., Jung, H.J., Lee, I.W., 2005. Smart passive system based on magnetorheological damper. Smart Materials and Structures, 14(4):707-714.
[17]Choi, K.M., Jung, H.J., Lee, H.J., et al., 2007. Feasibility study of an MR damper-based smart passive control system employing an electromagnetic induction device. Smart Materials and Structures, 16(6):2323-2329.
[18]Choi, S.B., Lee, S.K., Park, Y.P., 2001. A hysteresis model for the field-dependent damping force of a magnetorheological damper. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 245(2):375-383.
[19]Choi, Y.T., Wereley, N.M., 2005. Nondimensional quasisteady analysis of a magnetorheological dashpot damper. International Journal of Modern Physics B, 19(07n09):1584-1590.
[20]Choi, Y.T., Wereley, N.M., 2009. Self-powered magnetorheological dampers. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 131(4):044501.
[21]Chooi, W.W., Oyadiji, S.O., 2008. Design, modelling and testing of magnetorheological (MR) dampers using analytical flow solutions. Computers & Structures, 86(3):473-482.
[22]Chooi, W.W., Oyadiji, S.O., 2009a. Mathematical modeling, analysis, and design of magnetorheological (MR) dampers. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 131(6):061002.
[23]Chooi, W.W., Oyadiji, S.O., 2009b. Experimental testing and validation of a magnetorheological (MR) damper model. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 131(6):061003.
[24]Crolla, D., Nour, A.A., 1992. Power losses in active and passive suspensions of off-road vehicles. Journal of Terramechanics, 29(1):83-93.
[25]de Vicente, J., Klingenberg, D.J., Hidalgo-Alvarez, R., 2011. Magnetorheological fluids: a review. Soft Matter, 7(8):3701-3710.
[26]Dimock, G.A., Yoo, J.H., Wereley, N.M., 2002. Quasi-steady Bingham biplastic analysis of electrorheological and magnetorheological dampers. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 13(9):549-559.
[27]Du, H., Li, W., Zhang, N., 2011. Semi-active variable stiffness vibration control of vehicle seat suspension using an MR elastomer isolator. Smart Materials and Structures, 20(10):105003.
[28]Du, H., Lam, J., Cheung, K., et al., 2013. Direct voltage control of magnetorheological damper for vehicle suspensions. Smart Materials and Structures, 22(10):105016.
[29]Dyke, S.J., Spencer, B.F., Sain, M.K., et al., 1996. Modeling and control of magnetorheological dampers for seismic response reduction. Smart Materials and Structures, 5(5):565-575.
[30]Dyke, S.J., Spencer, B.F., Sain, M.K., et al., 1998. An experimental study of MR dampers for seismic protection. Smart Materials and Structures, 7(5):693-703.
[31]Ehrgott, R., Masri, S., 1992. Modeling the oscillatory dynamic behaviour of electrorheological materials in shear. Smart Materials and Structures, 1(4):275.
[32]El-Khoury, O., Adeli, H., 2013. Recent advances on vibration control of structures under dynamic loading. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 20(4):353-360.
[33]Farjoud, A., Vahdati, N., Fah, Y.F., 2008. MR-fluid yield surface determination in disc-type MR rotary brakes. Smart Materials and Structures, 17(3):035021.
[34]Ferdaus, M.M., Rashid, M.M., Bhuiyan, M.M.I., 2014a. Development of an advanced semi-active damper using smart fluid. Advanced Materials Research, 939:615-622.
[35]Ferdaus, M.M., Rashid, M.M., Hasan, M.H., et al., 2014b. Optimal design of magneto-rheological damper comparing different configurations by finite element analysis. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 28(9):3667-3677.
[36]Ferdaus, M.M., Rashid, M., Hasan, M.H., et al., 2014c. Temperature effect analysis on magneto-rheological damper’s performance. Journal of Automation and Control Engineering, 2(4):392-396.
[37]Fisco, N.R., Adeli, H., 2011. Smart structures: Part I—active and semi-active control. Scientia Iranica, 18(3):275-284.
[38]Fodor, M., Redfield, R., 1993. The variable linear transmission for regenerative damping in vehicle suspension control. Vehicle System Dynamics, 22(1):1-20.
[39]Friedman, A., Dyke, S.J., Phillips, B., et al., 2015. Large-scale real-time hybrid simulation for evaluation of advanced damping system performance. Journal of Structural Engineering, 141(6):04014150.
[40]Gavin, H., Hoagg, J., Dobossy, M., 2001. Optimal design of MR dampers. Proceedings of the US-Japan Workshop on Smart Structures for Improved Seismic Performance in Urban Regions, p.225-236.
[41]Gavin, H.P., Hanson, R.D., Filisko, F.E., 1996. Electrorheological dampers, part I: analysis and design. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 63(3):669-675.
[42]Giorgetti, A., Baldanzini, N., Biasiotto, M., et al., 2010. Design and testing of a MRF rotational damper for vehicle applications. Smart Materials and Structures, 19(6):065006.
[43]Goncalves, F., 2005. Characterizing the Behavior of Magneto Rheological Fluids at High Velocities and High Shear. PhD Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, USA.
[44]Gudmundsson, K., Jonsdottir, F., Thorsteinsson, F., 2010. A geometrical optimization of a magneto-rheological rotary brake in a prosthetic knee. Smart Materials and Structures, 19(3):035023.
[45]Hong, S.R., Wereley, N.M., Choi, Y.T., et al., 2008a. Analytical and experimental validation of a nondimensional bingham model for mixed-mode magnetorheological dampers. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 312(3):399-417.
[46]Hong, S.R., John, S., Wereley, N.M., et al., 2008b. A unifying perspective on the quasi-steady analysis of magnetorheological dampers. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 19(8):959-976.
[47]Hsu, P., 1996. Power recovery property of electrical active suspension systems. Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, p.1899-1904.
[48]Huang, J., Zhang, J., Yang, Y., et al., 2002. Analysis and design of a cylindrical magneto-rheological fluid brake. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 129(1):559-562.
[49]Hung, N.Q., Bok, C.S., 2012. Optimal design of a T-shaped drum-type brake for motorcycle utilizing magnetorheological fluid. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 40(2):153-162.
[50]Imaduddin, F., Mazlan, S.A., Zamzuri, H., 2013. A design and modelling review of rotary magnetorheological damper. Materials & Design, 51:575-591.
[51]Jansen, L.M., Dyke, S.J., 2000. Semiactive control strategies for MR dampers: comparative study. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 126(8):795-803.
[52]Jean, P., Ohayon, R., Le Bihan, D., 2005. Payload/Launcher vibration isolation: MR dampers modeling with fluid compressibility and inertia effects through continuity and momentum equations. International Journal of Modern Physics B, 19(7-9):1534-1541.
[53]Jiang, W., Zhang, Y., Xuan, S., et al., 2011. Dimorphic magnetorheological fluid with improved rheological properties. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 323(24):3246-3250.
[54]Jin, G., Sain, M.K., Spencer, B.F.Jr., 2005. Nonlinear blackbox modeling of MR-dampers for civil structural control. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 13(3):345-355.
[55]Johnson, C.D., Kienholz, D.A., 1982. Finite element prediction of damping in structures with constrained viscoelastic layers. AIAA Journal, 20(9):1284-1290.
[56]Jung, H.J., Jang, D.D., Lee, H.J., 2008. Self-powered smart damping system using MR damper. International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering, p.364-371.
[57]Kamath, G.M., Hurt, M.K., Wereley, N.M., 1996. Analysis and testing of Bingham plastic behavior in semi-active electrorheological fluid dampers. Smart Materials and Structures, 5(5):576.
[58]Kikuchi, T., Kobayashi, K., 2011. Design and development of cylindrical MR fluid brake with multi-coil structure. Journal of System Design and Dynamics, 5(7):1471-1484.
[59]Kim, K.J., Lee, C.W., Koo, J.H., 2008. Design and modeling of semi-active squeeze film dampers using magneto-rheological fluids. Smart Materials and Structures, 17(3):035006.
[60]King, M., 2013. Comparison of two suspension control strategies for multi-axle heavy truck. Journal of Central South University, 20(2):550-562.
[61]Kothera, C., Ngatu, G., Wereley, N.M., 2011. Control evaluations of semiactive fluid-elastomeric helicopter lag damper. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 34(4):1143-1156.
[62]Kumbhar, B.K., Patil, S.R., Sawant, S.M., 2015. Synthesis and characterization of magneto-rheological (MR) fluids for MR brake application. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 18(3):432-438.
[63]Laalej, H., Lang, Z., Sapiński, B., et al., 2012. MR damper based implementation of nonlinear damping for a pitch plane suspension system. Smart Materials and Structures, 21(4):045006.
[64]Lee, D.Y., Wereley, N.M., 1999. Quasi-steady Herschel-Bulkley analysis of electro- and magneto-rheological flow mode dampers. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 10(10):761-769.
[65]Lee, D.Y., Choi, Y.T., Wereley, N.M., 2002. Performance analysis of ER/MR impact damper systems using Herschel-Bulkley model. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 13(7-8):525-531.
[66]Lesieutre, G.A., Ottman, G.K., Hofmann, H.F., 2004. Damping as a result of piezoelectric energy harvesting. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 269(3):991-1001.
[67]Li, W., Du, H., 2003. Design and experimental evaluation of a magnetorheological brake. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 21(7):508-515.
[68]Ma, L., Zhang, J.H., Lin, J.W., et al., 2016. Dynamic characteristics analysis of a misaligned rotor–bearing system with squeeze film dampers. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering), 17(8):614-631.
[69]Makris, N., Burton, S.A., Hill, D., et al., 1996a. Analysis and design of ER damper for seismic protection of structures. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 122(10):1003-1011.
[70]Makris, N., Burton, S.A., Taylor, D.P., 1996b. Electrorheological damper with annular ducts for seismic protection applications. Smart Materials and Structures, 5(5):551-564.
[71]Mangal, S., Kumar, A., 2015. Geometric parameter optimization of magneto-rheological damper using design of experiment technique. International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 10(1):1-9.
[72]Mitchell, R., Kim, Y., El-Korchi, T., et al., 2013. Wavelet-neuro-fuzzy control of hybrid building-active tuned mass damper system under seismic excitations. Journal of Vibration and Control, 19(12):1881-1894.
[73]Nakano, K., Suda, Y., Yamaguchi, M., 2003. Application of combined type self-powered active suspensions to rubber-tired vehicles. JSAE Annual Congress, p.19-22.
[74]Nehl, T.W., Betts, J., Mihalko, L.S., 1996. An integrated relative velocity sensor for real-time damping applications. Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 32(4):873-881.
[75]Newton, D.E., 2009. Chemistry of New Materials. Infobase Publishing, New York, USA.
[76]Nguyen, Q.H., Choi, S.B., 2009. Optimal design of a vehicle magnetorheological damper considering the damping force and dynamic range. Smart Materials and Structures, 18(1):015013.
[77]Nguyen, Q.H., Choi, S.B., 2012a. Selection of magnetorheological brake types via optimal design considering maximum torque and constrained volume. Smart Materials and Structures, 21(1):015012.
[78]Nguyen, Q.H., Choi, S.B., 2012b. Optimal design of a novel hybrid MR brake for motorcycles considering axial and radial magnetic flux. Smart Materials and Structures, 21(5):055003.
[79]Nguyen, Q.H., Han, Y.M., Choi, S.B., et al., 2007. Geometry optimization of MR valves constrained in a specific volume using the finite element method. Smart Materials and Structures, 16(6):2242.
[80]Nguyen, Q.H., Choi, S.B., Wereley, N.M., 2008. Optimal design of magnetorheological valves via a finite element method considering control energy and a time constant. Smart Materials and Structures, 17(2):025024.
[81]Or, S., Duan, Y., Ni, Y.Q., et al., 2008. Development of magnetorheological dampers with embedded piezoelectric force sensors for structural vibration control. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 19(11):1327-1338.
[82]Ou, J.P., Li, H., 2009. Design approaches for active, semi-active and passive control systems based on analysis of characteristics of active control force. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 8(4):493-506.
[83]Park, E.J., Stoikov, D., da Luz, L.F., et al., 2006. A performance evaluation of an automotive magnetorheological brake design with a sliding mode controller. Mechatronics, 16(7):405-416.
[84]Phillips, R.W., 1969. Engineering Applications of Fluids with a Variable Yield Stress. University of California, Berkeley, USA.
[85]Powell, L.A., Hu, W., Wereley, N.M., 2013. Magnetorheological fluid composites synthesized for helicopter landing gear applications. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 24(9):1043-1048.
[86]Poynor, J.C., 2001. Innovative Designs for Magneto-rheological Dampers. PhD Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA.
[87]Qian, L.J., Liu, B., Chen, P., et al., 2016. An inverse model for magnetorheological dampers based on a restructured phenomenological model. Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems, 9799:97993H.
[88]Rahman, M., Ong, Z.C., Chong, W.T., et al., 2015. Performance enhancement of wind turbine systems with vibration control: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51:43-54.
[89]Rashid, M.M., Rahim, N.A., Hussain, M.A., et al., 2011. Analysis and experimental study of magnetorheological-based damper for semiactive suspension system using fuzzy hybrids. Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions, 47(2):1051-1059.
[90]Rashid, M.M., Ferdaus, M.M., Hasan, M.H., et al., 2015. ANSYS finite element design of an energy saving magneto-rheological damper with improved dispersion stability. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 29(7):2793-2802.
[91]Russell, J.L., 2001. Magnetostrictive position sensors enter the automotive market. Sensors, 18(12):26-31.
[92]Sapiński, B., 2010. Vibration power generator for a linear MR damper. Smart Materials and Structures, 19(10):105012.
[93]Sapiński, B., 2014. Energy-harvesting linear MR damper: prototyping and testing. Smart Materials and Structures, 23(3):035021.
[94]Sato, Y., Umebara, S., 2012. Power-saving magnetization for magnetorheological fluid control using a combination of permanent magnet and electromagnet. Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on, 48(11):3521-3524.
[95]Scruggs, J., Iwan, W., 2003. Control of a civil structure using an electric machine with semiactive capability. Journal of Structural Engineering, 129(7):951-959.
[96]Segel, L., Lu, X., 1982. Vehicular resistance to motion as influenced by road roughness and highway alignment. Australian Road Research, 12(4):211-222.
[97]Senkal, D., Gurocak, H., 2009. Compact MR-brake with serpentine flux path for haptics applications. EuroHaptics Conference 2009 and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems, p.91-96.
[98]Singh, H.J., Wereley, N.M., 2014. Optimal control of gun recoil in direct fire using magnetorheological absorbers. Smart Materials and Structures, 23(5):055009.
[99]Snamina, J., Sapiński, B., 2011. Energy balance in self-powered MR damper-based vibration reduction system. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences, 59(1):75-80.
[100]Song, X., Ahmadian, M., Southward, S., 2005. Modeling magnetorheological dampers with application of nonparametric approach. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 16(5):421-432.
[101]Song, X., Ahmadian, M., Southward, S., et al., 2007. Parametric study of nonlinear adaptive control algorithm with magneto-rheological suspension systems. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 12(4):584-607.
[102]Spencer, B.F.Jr., Dyke, S.J., Sain, M.K., et al., 1997. Phenomenological model for magnetorheological dampers. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 123(3):230-238.
[103]Spencer, B.F.Jr., Yang, G., Carlson, J.D., et al., 1998. Smart dampers for seismic protection of structures: a full-scale study. Proceedings of the Second World Conference on Structural Control, p.417-426.
[104]Sung, K.G., Choi, S.B., Park, M.K., 2011. Geometry optimization of magneto-rheological damper for vehicle suspension via finite element method. Advanced Science Letters, 4(3):805-809.
[105]Togun, H., Abdulrazzaq, T., Kazi, S., et al., 2014. A review of studies on forced, natural and mixed heat transfer to fluid and nanofluid flow in an annular passage. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39:835-856.
[106]Tsang, H., Su, R., Chandler, A., 2006. Simplified inverse dynamics models for MR fluid dampers. Engineering Structures, 28(3):327-341.
[107]Tsujita, T., Ohara, M., Sase, K., et al., 2012. Development of a haptic interface using MR fluid for displaying cutting forces of soft tissues. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, p.1044-1049.
[108]Velinsky, S.A., White, R.A., 1980. Vehicle energy dissipation due to road roughness. Vehicle System Dynamics, 9(6):359-384.
[109]Wang, D., Liao, W., 2005. Modeling and control of magnetorheological fluid dampers using neural networks. Smart Materials and Structures, 14(1):111.
[110]Wang, D., Wang, T., 2009. Principle, design and modeling of an integrated relative displacement self-sensing magnetorheological damper based on electromagnetic induction. Smart Materials and Structures, 18(9):095025.
[111]Wang, D., Bai, X., 2011. Pareto optimization-based tradeoff between the damping force and the sensed relative displacement of a self-sensing magnetorheological damper. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 22(13):1451-1467.
[112]Wang, D., Liao, W., 2011. Magnetorheological fluid dampers: a review of parametric modeling. Smart Materials and Structures, 20(2):023001.
[113]Wang, D., Bai, X., Liao, W., 2010. An integrated relative displacement self-sensing magnetorheological damper: prototyping and testing. Smart Materials and Structures, 19(10):105008.
[114]Wang, X., Gordaninejad, F., 2000. Field-controllable electro- and magneto-rheological fluid dampers in flow mode using Herschel-Bulkley theory. SPIE’s 7th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, p.232-243.
[115]Wang, Z., Chen, Z., Spencer, B.F.Jr., 2009. Self-powered and sensing control system based on MR damper: presentation and application. Proc. SPIE 7292, Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, 7292:729240.
[116]Wereley, N.M., Pang, L., 1998. Nondimensional analysis of semi-active electrorheological and magnetorheological dampers using approximate parallel plate models. Smart Materials and Structures, 7(5):732-743.
[117]Wereley, N.M., Cho, J.U., Choi, Y.T., et al., 2008. Magnetorheological dampers in shear mode. Smart Materials and Structures, 17(1):015022.
[118]Xie, H.L., Liang, Z.Z., Li, F., et al., 2010. The knee joint design and control of above-knee intelligent bionic leg based on magneto-rheological damper. International Journal of Automation and Computing, 7(3):277-282.
[119]Xie, Z., Wong, P.K., Zhao, J., et al., 2013. A noise-insensitive semi-active air suspension for heavy-duty vehicles with an integrated fuzzy-wheelbase preview control. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2013:121953.
[120]Yang, G., 2001. Large-scale Magnetorheological Fluid Damper for Vibration Mitigation: Modeling, Testing and Control. PhD Thesis, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA.
[121]Yazid, I.I.M., Mazlan, S.A., Kikuchi, T., et al., 2014. Design of magnetorheological damper with a combination of shear and squeeze modes. Materials & Design, 54:87-95.
[122]York, T.M., Gilmore, C.D., Libertiny, T.G., 1997. Magnetorheological Fluid Coupling Device and Torque Load Simulator System. US Patent 5598908.
[123]Yu, F., Cao, M., Zheng, X., 2005. Research on the feasibility of vehicle active suspension with energy regeneration. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 24(4):27-30.
[124]Zhu, X.C., Jing, X.J., Cheng, L., 2012. Magnetorheological fluid dampers: a review on structure design and analysis. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 23(8):839-873.
Open peer comments: Debate/Discuss/Question/Opinion
<1>