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Abstract: Extreme-scale numerical simulations seriously demand extreme parallel computing capabilities. To address the challenges of these capabilities toward exascale, we systematically analyze the major bottlenecks of parallel computing research from three perspectives: computational scale, computing efficiency, and programming productivity. For these bottlenecks, we propose a series of urgent key issues and coping strategies. This study will be useful in synchronizing development between the numerical computing capability and supercomputer peak performance.

超大规模并行计算：瓶颈与对策

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