Similar articles

Abstract: Microneedle technology has undergone a paradigm shift from basic transdermal drug delivery to intelligent, closed-loop theranostic systems. hydrogel materials have emerged as core carriers due to their excellent biocompatibility, efficient drug-loading capacity, and improved patient compliance. Moreover, critical bottlenecks in hydrogel microneedles, including poor mechanical strength, burst release of drugs, and delayed response to treatment, can be addressed via cross-scale integration of nanomaterials. This review systematically outlines several multiscale engineering strategies to overcome these limitations. The construction of nanotopological networks coupled with dynamic crosslinking modulation synergistically enhances the mechanical properties, stability of drug loading, and conductivity of hydrogel microneedles. Furthermore, responsive nanocarriers equipped with biosensors help establish a closed-loop linkage between monitoring and therapeutic functions. We highlight their synergistic theranostic advantages in scenarios such as wound regulation and tumor-immune microenvironments, while revealing the role in integrating flexible electronics with wearable systems in intelligent medicine. We also summarize the research advances on the biosafety and scalable manufacturing processes of nanocomposite hydrogel microneedles (NHMNs), providing examples of clinical translation to elucidate the path from fundamental research to industrial implementation. As a convergence of nanotechnology, biomaterials, and flexible electronics, NHMNs provide new standards for transdermal theranostics as well as a roadmap for iterative advancement of intelligent theranostic devices in personalized medicine. Their cross-scale collaborative design, which spans from the properties of materials to the functional integration of macroscopic devices, can facilitate potential breakthroughs in next-generation closed-loop theranostic systems.

Development of a next-generation closed-loop precision system: multiscale-engineered nanocomposite hydrogel microneedles

微针技术已经历了从基础经皮给药到智能闭环诊疗一体化系统的范式转变。水凝胶材料因其优异的生物相容性、高效载药能力及良好的患者顺应性, 成为核心载体。此外, 水凝胶微针存在的机械强度不足、药物突释及治疗响应延迟等关键瓶颈, 可通过纳米材料的跨尺度整合加以解决。本综述系统阐述了数种用于克服这些局限的多尺度工程策略: 构建纳米拓扑网络并结合动态交联调控, 可协同增强水凝胶微针的机械性能、载药稳定性与导电性; 搭载生物传感器的响应性纳米载体则有助于在监测与治疗功能间建立闭环联动。我们重点分析了其在创面调控、肿瘤免疫微环境等场景中的协同诊疗优势, 同时揭示了其在智能医疗领域集成柔性电子与可穿戴系统的应用价值。此外, 综述总结了纳米复合水凝胶微针(NHMNs)在生物安全性与可规模化制备工艺方面的研究进展, 并通过临床转化实例阐明了从基础研究到产业化应用的路径。作为纳米技术、生物材料与柔性电子的融合体, NHMNs不仅为经皮诊疗一体化树立了新标准, 也为个性化医疗中智能诊疗设备的迭代升级提供了路线图。其跨尺度的协同设计, 涵盖了材料特性到宏观器件功能整合, 有望推动下一代闭环诊疗系统的突破。
Microneedles; Hydrogel; Nanomaterials; Transdermal drug delivery; Closed-loop theranostic system