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Abstract: We evaluated several different pre-oxidation treatments, namely the introduction of either potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), chlorine (Cl₂), or both to remove manganese (Mn) from the Qiantang River source water. Our results showed that Mn removal percentages were 12.7%, 71.0%, 17.4% and 58.7% when none of the oxidants, KMnO₄ only, Cl₂ only, or both oxidants were added, respectively. Furthermore, a field study showed that when the available Mn concentration in the source water was 0.14 mg/L, it could be reduced to less than 0.05 mg/L when a solution of KMnO₄ (0.47 mg/L) was added as the oxidant.

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